The Committee on Priorities for a Public Health Research Agenda to  Reduce the Threat of Firearm-Related Violence, under the direction of  the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, recently 
published a study  of findings related to violence and guns. Some of the results may come  as a shock – to those on both sides of the gun control argument.
 The study was conducted as part of the 
23 Executive Actions signed by President Obama  in January in an effort to reduce gun violence. The order specifically  called to “issue a Presidential Memorandum directing the Centers for  Disease Control to research the causes and prevention of gun violence.”
 Some have posed the logical question as to why the CDC would become  involved in such a study which focuses on gun violence when the priority  of the agency lies in the preventing and control of diseases. The  academic community chose to study gun violence as a public health  problem, partly because, according to the study, “Violence, including  firearm related violence, has been shown to be contagious.” Therefore,  gun violence is being studied in the same manner of a contagious  disease.
 The study did, however, recognize the right to bear arms as a basic human right acknowledged by the United States Constitution.
 “An 
individual’s right to own and possess guns  was established in the U.S. Constitution and affirmed in the 2008 and  2010 Supreme Court rulings in District of Columbia v. Heller and  McDonald v. City of Chicago.”
 The initial summary of the study reiterated the need for sound  evidence from a scientific standpoint to produce public policies that  will best support the rights of the people while still doing whatever  possible to protect the public from potential threats of violence.
 “The evidence generated by implementing a public health research  agenda can enable the development of sound policies that support both  the rights and the responsibilities central to gun ownership in the  United States. In the absence of this research, policy makers will be  left to debate controversial policies without scientifically sound  evidence about their potential effects.”
 While the problem of gun violence is multi-faceted with no one single  solution, the study resulted in a whole plethora of useful information  (the entire study can be read 
here).
 There were five primary areas of interest on which the study focused:  The characteristics of firearm violence, risk and protective factors,  interventions and strategies, gun safety technology, and the influence  of video games and other media.
 It was found that there are vast differences in who is more likely to  become a victim of gun violence, with primary factors lying in  socioeconomic status and ethnicity. Homicide rates were shown to be  significantly higher in African Americans, while 
suicide rates were higher in Caucasians.
 Additionally, the study concluded that high rates of poverty, illicit  drug trafficking and substance use all increase the risk of becoming  involved in gun violence. In addition, “criminals often engage in  violence as a means to acquire money, goods or 
other rewards.”
 However, the study also inadvertently explored some of the myths  surrounding what seems like a recent epidemic of gun violence, including  accidental deaths and mass shootings.
 According to the study, “Unintentional firearm-related deaths have  steadily declined during the past century.” Accidental deaths resulting  from firearms accounted for less than one percent of all unintentional  fatalities in 2010.
 “Mass shootings are a highly visible and moving tragedy, but  represent only a small fraction of total firearm-related violence. … It  is also apparent that some mass murder incidents are associated with  suicides. However, the characteristics of suicides associated with mass  murders are not understood.”
 The study also explored an 
often overlooked statistic regarding suicide,  especially among veterans. “Firearm-related suicides — though receiving  far less public attention — significantly outnumber homicides for all  age groups, with suicides accounting for approximately 60 percent of all  firearm injury fatalities in the United States in 2009. In 2010,  suicide was the 10th leading cause of death among individuals in the  United States over the age of 10.”
 Yet the study also looked at the effect of having firearms available  for self-defense, and found that firearms are much more likely to be  used in a defensive manner rather than for criminal or violent activity.
 “Defensive uses of guns by crime victims is a common occurrence,  although the exact number remains disputed. Almost all national survey  estimates indicate that defensive gun uses by victims are at least as  common as offensive uses by criminals, with estimates of annual uses  ranging from about 500,000 to more than 3 million per year, in the  context of about 300,000 violent crimes involving firearms in 2008.”
 It was also discovered that when guns are used in self-defense the  victims consistently have lower injury rates than those who are unarmed,  even compared with those who used other forms of self-defense.
 The study admitted that the results of interventions for reducing gun  violence have been mixed, including strategies such as background  checks and restriction of certain types of firearms, as well as having  stricter penalties for illegal gun use. However, the study did reveal  that “unauthorized gun possession or use is associated with higher rates  of firearm violence than legal possession of guns.” In other words,  law-breaking criminals are the ones most responsible for gun violence,  not law-abiding citizens.
 The study also looked at the source of guns used by most criminals,  which helps to see partly why “there is empirical evidence that gun turn  in programs are ineffective.”
 “More recent prisoner surveys suggest that stolen guns account for  only a small percentage of guns used by convicted criminals. …   According to a 1997 survey of inmates, approximately 70 percent of the  guns 
used or possessed by criminals at the time of their arrest came from family or friends, drug dealers, street purchases, or the underground market.”
 In reference to gun safety technology, the study claims that  “research from the injury prevention field indicates that changing  products to make them safer is frequently more effective at reducing  injury and death than trying to change personal behavior.”
 
	 
Judging by what they’re wearing, it was both cold and wet that day. 
(Photo credit: Lehigh Valley Live)
 With the latest gun debate, there has been more emphasis placed on  violent video games, movies and other media. However, the study’s  findings on the influence of these things were inconclusive.
 “The vast majority of research on the effects of violence in media  has focused on violence portrayed in television and the movies, although  more recent research has been expanded to include music, video games,  social media, and the Internet. Interest in media effects is fueled by  the fact that youth are spending more time engaging with media that  portrays increasing amounts of violence. Although research on the  effects of media violence on real-life violence has been carried out for  more than 50 years, none of this research has focused on firearm  violence in particular as an outcome. As a result, a direct relationship  between violence in media and real-life firearm violence has not been  established and additional research is necessary.”
 The results of this study were surprisingly unbiased for the most  part and closely resemble the findings from a similar study conducted  following the Federal Assault Weapons Ban of 1994, in which the 
CDC concluded  that there was “insufficient evidence to determine the effectiveness of  any of the firearms laws reviewed for preventing violence.”
CDC Releases Study on Gun Violence: Defensive gun use common, mass shootings not