The studies that say right-wingers or conservatives are dumber than left-wingers or liberals all stem from original study conducted in the 1940s by the Marxist sociologist and philosopher, Theodore Adorno. This was probably the most influential - and most shoddy - piece of social science of the twentieth century. Ultimately published as the book entitled
The Authoritarian Personality, the study purported to "prove" that holding conservative or right-wing views was a mental defect. Using the notorious "F-Scale test (the F stood for Fascist), Adorno and his colleagues purported to have come up with an objective test to determine how protofascist - or just plain fascist - a person was.
The problem was that the test - as well as the long interviews the researchers conducted - worked from the assumption that traditionalism and devotion to a strong family were both symptoms and causes of fascism (Adorno and his Frankfurt School colleagues were convinced that Nazism was spawned by the traditional German family). If this wasn't bad enough, a test designed to find totalitarian tendencies treated Communists - including outright Stalinist - and conventional American liberals as almost indistinguishable. In fact, Adorno thought that anyone who saw similarities between Nazism and communism was suffering from delusions. A methodological mess, The Authoritarian Personality used next to no statistical data and relayed on tendentious interview techniques, loaded phrases, and ideological question begging.
While the Authoritarian Personality had its diligent critics, it electrified the liberal academic nervous system. Richard Hofstadter, one of the most influential liberal historians of the twentieth century, drank deep and long from Adorno's elixir, arguing that all political arguments could be boiled down to cheap psychological motivations. Charles Beard was a pioneer of this approach as well, arguing that the Founding Fathers were motivated by little more than their class consciousness as rich landowners. In 1958, Hebert McClosky, a trailblazer in the field of "political behavior," published his famous "Conservatism and Personality" study in the American Political Science Review. His extensive "research," complete with the "latest methods," found that the conservative "fears change, dreads disorder, and is intolerant of nonconformity," and he tends to "derogate reason and intellectuality and ... eschew theory." These "personality types" were drawn from the raks of the "uninformed, the poorly educated, and .... the less intelligent," but also that they were "inflexible and unyielding" and "intolerant." To boot, the conservative "derogates reason."
How can you reason with a people we are hardwired to "derogate reason."
Throughout the 1960s, this arrogant bigotry masked as science leached into the popular political culture, finding expression in editorials, books, and even films (the General Jack D. Ripper character in the movie Dr. Stranglelove and his phobia about Communists sapping out precious bodily fluids was a perfect satirical stand-in for the work of Adorno, McClosky, et al.). In 1964 , over a thousand mental-health professionals thought nothing of signing a statement that Senator Barry Goldwater was not "psychologically fit" to be president of the United States - without having met him. Why? Because he was a conservative. The organizer of the petition took out an ad in the New York Times announcing this very scientific finding. Goldwater sued - and won.
Today textbooks from grade school to grad school are chockablock with subtle variations of this clinical bias, working from the assumption that conservatism is something to be educated out of students. In 2003, researches at UC Berkley's Institute of Personality and Social Research published "Political Conservatism as Motivated Social Cognition" in the Psychological Bulletin - one of the most prestigious journals of academic psychology. The study did no original research. Rather, it performed a meta-analysis of previous studies, some eighty-eight in all, and found - shockingly! - that conservatism is, as much now as ever as, a kind of mental defect. The methodology was the academic equivalent of shouting into an echo chamber and discovering that there are indeed echoes inside.
The press release issued by Berkeley explained that:
Disparate conservatives share a resistance to change and acceptance of inequality. Hitler, Mussolini, and former President Ronald Reagan were individuals, but all were right-wing conservatives because they preached a return to an idealized past and condoned inequality in some form. Talk show host Rush Limbaugh can be described the same way, the authors commented in a published reply to the article.
Ahah. So Hitler and Mussoline - who both sought to socialize their economies, ban guns, ban dissent, ban freedom of every kind - were just like Reagan and Rush Limbaugh, who hold diametrically opposite positions in virtually every regard. Hitler was obsessive about economic and social equality - for all Germans. Mussolini never for a moment relinquished his adamantine faith - forged as a leader of the Italian Socialist Party - that he was a revolutionary. What's more, both men were devoutly atheistic enemies of Christianity, and yet the literature going back to Adorno and McClosky tells us that religious dogmatism is the soul of conservatism.
The actual paper is no better. What about the authoritarian personalities like say, Castro and Stalin? Easy! They too were conservatives. The authors write:
There are also cases of left-wing ideologues who, once they are in power, steadfastly resist change, and allegedly in the name of egalitarianism, such as Stalin or Khrushchev or Castro. It is reasonable to suggest that some of these historical figure may be considered politically conservative.