[In the Jahiliah (or the "Ignorance" pre-Islam period), they used to divorce their wives then to restore them many times, in order to offend and humiliate the woman; so God – be glorified – forbade them from such customs, and said:]
Quran 2: 230. The divorce [that may be followed by restoring the woman back] is [permissible] twice [only] a, and then [the woman must] either be retained with honor or amicably released b.
And you [husbands] are not allowed to take any part of [the dowry c] which you gave to them d,
unless both of the [husband and wife] fear that they cannot keep within 'the statements prescribed by God' e,
so if you [judges] fear that they may not be able to keep within 'the statements prescribed by God' f then no blame on either of them concerning the [dowry] with which the [wife] ransoms herself. g
These h are 'the statements prescribed by God', so trespass them not i; and whoso trespasses 'the statements prescribed by God' – these indeed are the wrong-doers j.
231. But if [her husband] divorces her [a third time], then she shall never be lawful to him afterwards k: in order to marry another husband. l
But if the [second husband] divorces her [for the first time], there is no blame on both of them to come together again m, if they insist to observe 'the statements prescribed by God'.
These [statements] are 'the statements prescribed by God' which He [shall] explain [in the future] to a people who know [and discern.]
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a And that is before the consummation of the Idda (or the prescribed period of time), so he says: "I have restored my wife", and he brings the witnesses to bringing her back again;
but if the Idda (or the prescribed time) elapses, then he should consummate the marriage with a new marriage certificate, with only a little dowry according to a mutual agreement of the couple, and he should write a new marriage bill, to which some witnesses sign; that is lest some of the heirs should not deny when one of the couples dies, and say: "The wife of my father is divorced and she hasn't any right in the inheritance", or any other kind of denial.
b It means: Either will the husband keep her with him to treat her gently and kindly without wrangling, quarreling and abasement; or will he divorce her and send her to her family amicably: by giving her her due Nafaka (or the due money of the divorce) for three months, and then the matter will be concluded.
c Whether it is the "dowry in advance" or the "postponed dowry".
d In case you divorce them.
e 'The statement prescribed by God' for the husband is to divorce his wife, if he despairs of himself and becomes certain that he is unable to do the sexual intercourse: and so he should give her her dowry, and should not take any part of it; and he should give her the Nafaqa of the Idda: (i.e. the due money of the stated time after the divorce.)
On the other hand, the wife should be chaste, should not commit adultery, but she should forbear patiently, until her husband restores his capability for the sexual intercourse, or he may divorce her with his own accord.
So these are the "statements prescribed by God" that both the husband and wife should observe.
While their fearing about such statements:
[The wife]:
First: The wife fears that the lust of the animal nature may overcome her, so she may commit adultery if a long time passes and the sexual power of her husband is not restored.
Second: The wife fears that he will not divorce her unless she ransoms herself with her dowry.
[The husband]:
On the other hand, the husband fears that he may divorce his wife, then he may restore his sexual power later on, when he will have no money to marry another woman.
Second: He fears that she may demand of him her "postponed dowry", if he divorces her: while he is poor and cannot afford it.
f That is because the wife cannot stay without sexual intercourse, and you [judges] fear lest she should commit adultery if her husband does not divorce her, because she is young and not an old woman; and because you know that the husband is poor and will not divorce his wife unless she drops her due dowry.
g i.e. no blame on either of them concerning the dowry which the wife ransoms herself with; and no blame on the husband to take the dowry which she offers to him in order to have the divorce.
Therefore, the wife waits for one year, then if no positive result appears with her husband, then she has the right to demand the divorce.
This aya includes also the elderly man in case his wife is young and she does not love him, and she is afraid that Satan or the Devil may suggest to her and she may commit adultery while her husband does not know; therefore, she says to her husband: "Divorce me and I offer my dowry to you."
So when there is a mutual agreement between the couple concerning the divorce, then there is no blame on either of them concerning the dowry that she ransoms herself with.
The aya includes also the man having some defect of a chronic disease or blindness or he is disfigured, while his wife is a beautiful young woman and she does not love him.
h Statements which We have explained to you.
i By working contrary to them.
j i.e. they wrong themselves and their wives.
k But she shall be unlawful to him forever.
l i.e. so that she will marry another husband, and the problem will be over: so there will be no quarrelling, no wrangling after the separation.
Then God – be glorified – explained that the divorce statement of the wife with her second husband is like her divorce statement with the first:
m if there is a mutual agreement between the couple, but on condition that they should observe 'the statements prescribed by God' without quarrelling or disputing as was she with her first husband …
And if God – be glorified – had meant by His saying which means: (there is no blame on both of them to come together again): that she will come to her first husband, as did the commentators say, then there should have been another new marriage court decision, a new dowry and a new marriage ceremony.
Therefore, God – be glorified – meant by the permission of the coming back together, is the coming back together with her second husband, in case it is the first or second time of divorce, but if it is the third time of divorce, then she will be unlawful to him forever, and there cannot be any returning of her, nor a new coming back together, and not any new marriage contraction or certificate.
It is mentioned in the Torah, a similar revelation in the Book of Deuteronomy, chapter 24:
"1 When a man takes a wife and marries her, and it happens that she finds no favor in his eyes because he has found some indecency in her, and he writes her a certificate of divorce and puts it in her hand and sends her out from his house,
2 and she leaves his house and goes and becomes another man’s wife,
3 and if the latter husband turns against her and writes her a certificate of divorce and puts it in her hand and sends her out of his house, or if the latter husband dies who took her to be his wife,
4 then her former husband who sent her away is not allowed to take her again to be his wife, since she has been defiled; for that is an abomination before the Lord"
And you may say: What have we to do with the Torah, while we are Muslims and we have the Quran?
I say answering you: Aren't the heavenly laws the same: Doesn't God – be glorified – say in the Quran 4: 26, which means:
(God likes to explain to you, and to acquaint you about the rites of those before you, and to turn towards you; God is All-Knowing, Most Wise.)
The interpretation is by Mohammed-Ali Hassan Al-Hilly.