Why does Elections Canada use paper ballots and hand-counting?
Before the federal election, Elections Canada says paper ballots provide the best "efficiency and security."
Author of the article:Glenda Luymes
Published Apr 27, 2025 • Last updated 15 hours ago • 4 minute read
As more provinces and cities use electronic tabulators to speed up vote counts, Elections Canada has opted to stick with a low-tech method before the federal election: The hand count.
This came as a surprise to some people voting at advance polls in B.C., where tabulators were used for the first time during October’s provincial election. Poll workers handed out ballots while fielding comments about voting technology.
While Elections Canada has studied the issue, and recognizes automatic ballot-counting machines are “successfully and securely used in some other jurisdictions in Canada and around the world,” there are several reasons it hasn’t made the switch — at least, not yet.
James Hale, B.C. media spokesman for Elections Canada, said the use of paper ballots and hand-counting at polling stations remains the best approach because of its “efficiency and security.”
Elections Canada will continue to study the issue and report “any significant findings” to Parliament so it can make decisions about how Canadians vote in federal elections, he said.
Postmedia News spoke to several experts about what might be behind Elections Canada’s decision to continue with a system that some find “old-fashioned:”
A ‘paper trail’
There is a big difference between electronic tabulators and electronic voting machines — both of which are in use in various democracies around the world, said Chris Tenove, an instructor and research associate at the University of B.C.’s School of Public Policy and Global Affairs.
While tabulators, which were used in B.C. for the first time in October, simply count paper votes, some electronic voting machines don’t provide a paper record.
Tenove said a “paper trail” is important as it provides a concrete record of a person’s vote and can be used in judicial recounts, which are typically done by hand.
In the U.S., electronic voting was seen as a solution to the problem of “hanging chads” in the aftermath of the 2000 presidential election. In the close contest between George W. Bush and Al Gore, election officials were focused on the tiny pieces of paper that sometimes remained attached to ballots by punch-card voting machines. The controversy caused some U.S. states to move to paperless “direct recording electronic machines.”
But the technology created a new set of headaches for election officials. Fears about hacking and false claims of voter fraud quickly eroded trust in the system.
From about 2000 onward, paperless voting has decreased in popularity. According to a Reuters report, only about seven per cent of U.S. voters in 2022 voted using electronic machines, down from 22 per cent in 2016. About 70 per cent of U.S. voters hand-marked their ballots in 2022, which were counted using an electronic scanner.
Tenove said election integrity must exist, but it also has to be “believed in.” While electronic tabulators can make counting faster and more efficient without sacrificing the paper record, it seems “we’re not quite there yet as a public.”
The best way to ‘maintain trust’
Elections Canada may not be focused solely on the security of voting technology in its decision to maintain hand-counting, said Heidi Tworek, a professor of history and public policy at UBC. It may also be looking at how to ensure people trust the integrity of Canada’s voting system.
“Hand-counting appears to be the best way to maintain trust in the federal election,” she said.
But Tworek said even paper voting can be used by those who wish to “inject distrust,” pointing to recent posts on X encouraging people to bring a pen to their polling station to avoid the possibility of ballot tampering.
Elections Canada has dismissed the claim that a ballot marked in pencil could be smudged or erased. Poll workers are required by law to provide voters with black-lead pencils, but a pen is allowed as well.
Tworek said hand-counting provides a simple, transparent way for candidates or their agents to observe the counting process.
Before the count, election workers close the doors of the voting place, according to Elections Canada. No one is allowed to enter or leave. The counter counts the number of electors who voted, the number of spoiled ballots and unused ballots. Then each ballot is unfolded and the name marked on it is read aloud for everyone to hear. Staff tally up the votes, which are then recorded in a computer program that securely sends the information to Elections Canada’s main office.
Tworek said the “old-fashioned” hand-count, observed by scrutineers of all political stripes, remains a good way to maintain trust.
‘Healthy vigilance’ is key
Tenove said “healthy vigilance” has created a strong voting system in Canada.
“Our system is solid because people were skeptical over the years and looked for ways people could cheat and dealt with them,” he said.
Aleksander Essex, an associate professor of software engineering at Western University in London, Ont., said it might be more helpful to ask why provinces have adopted voting technology, rather than why Elections Canada has not.
“Election Canada’s method is the baseline,” he said
Essex said arguments that technology might help cut costs or be easier to administer are secondary to the question of whether it would provide a better way of furthering democratic goals.
He said if Elections Canada decided to move to online voting in the future, which might further democracy by make voting more accessible to everyone, it would likely require billions of dollars in infrastructure to make the system secure from cyberattacks.
With paper ballots and hand-counting, there is “less place for things to go seriously wrong.”
gluymes@postmedia.com
Technologies in the Voting Process: An Overview of Emerging Trends and Initiatives (Research Note)
elections.ca
As more provinces and cities use electronic tabulators to speed up vote counts, Elections Canada has opted to stick with the hand-count.
torontosun.com