What qualifies one to be a scientist?
Depending on whom you ask, you'll probably get a different answer.
For my money, a scientist is any researcher who publishes their findings. Not publish on the internet, but in a quality controlled fashion, the "peer review". Typically, this means an advanced degree, a Masters degree at a minimum. This person will be employed in writing proposals for funding, designing experiments, analyzing results, writing up results in the relevant journal format and presenting them to peers.
I'm about to get my degree. At my school, you have to complete a 4th year project in a two course offering. Research methods I and II. We have to write proposals, literature reviews, and fully referenced theses. We have to complete an experiment, and write up that report, and present our findings at a conference. It's not a conference like say the AGU fall meeting, but it is in front of our peers (the Animal science and Aquaculture students and Profs), and we're marked on our performance, as well as the content of our investigation.
Some will also present their findings at a larger conference with representatives from all of the universities in Atlantic Canada. I will be doing this. My project was a little more advanced than the run of the mill project. I needed to complete a peer review form to go along with my proposal to the Animal Care and Use Committee. They reviewed my work to that point, assessed my evidence and the hypothesis and made suggestions. That helps make my science better, through better use of data, and better use of the animals.
Will I be a scientist when I graduate? No. Even if my advisor publishes my study, which he has told me he wants to do, that doesn't make me a scientist, again, not in my definition. Still, though I don't consider myself a scientist, I consider myself better equipped to understand scientific findings than the lay person.
I certainly know how to differentiate between simple things like climate and weather, noise and trend, significant findings and insignificant findings, and between working theories and a blathering diatribe posted from some uncontrolled location on the www.
That might seem trivial to some of you, but it's not.