Is Anders Breivik a `Christian' terrorist?
(RNS) The mass murders in Oslo have raised a host of  agonizing questions, but few have such an ancient lineage and  contemporary resonance as whether Anders Behring Breivik, the right-wing  extremist behind the attacks that killed 76 Norwegians last Friday (July  22), is a Christian.
Breivik claimed that he is a  Christian in various forums, but most explicitly and in greatest detail in  the 1,500-page manifesto he compiled over several months and posted on the  Internet.  "At the age of 15 I chose to be baptised [sic] and  confirmed in the Norwegian State Church," the 32-year-old Breivik wrote. "I  consider myself to be 100 percent Christian."
But he also  fiercely disagrees with the politics of most Protestant churches and the  Roman Catholic Church.  "Regarding my personal relationship  with God, I guess I'm not an excessively religious man," he writes. "I am  first and foremost a man of logic. However, I am a supporter of a  monocultural Christian Europe."
Breivik fashions himself a  "cultural Christian" and a modern-day crusader in a resurrected order of  the medieval Knights Templar, riding out to do battle against squishy  "multiculturalism" and the onslaught of "Islamization" -- and to suffer the  glory of Christian martyrdom in the process.
Not  surprisingly, conservative pundits who share some of Breivik's views and  also consider themselves Christians quickly sought to distance themselves  from Breivik by declaring, as Bill O'Reilly did on Fox News, that "Breivik  is not a Christian."
"That's impossible," O'Reilly said  Tuesday. "No one believing in Jesus commits mass murder. The man might have  called himself a Christian on the 'net, but he is certainly not of that  faith."  O'Reilly blamed the "liberal media" for "pushing the  Christian angle" in order to demean Christians like himself. But O'Reilly's  point was taken up by any number of commentators and religion  scholars.
Mathew N. Schmalz, a professor of religious studies  at the College of the Holy Cross, wrote in a Washington Post column that  Breivik's vision "is a Christianity without Christ" because the attacker  rejected a personal relationship with Jesus.
Writing in  The Guardian, Andrew Brown wrote that "even in his saner moments  (Breivik's) ideology had nothing to do with Christianity but was based on  an atavistic horror of Muslims and a loathing of `Marxists,' by which he  meant anyone to the left of Genghis Khan."
Arne H. Fjeldstad,  a longtime Norwegian journalist and Lutheran minister of the Church of  Norway, wrote a lengthy analysis of Breivik's references to Christianity  and also concluded that "his view is framed entirely by politics, with  strong political and cultural opinions, which also include religious  views."
"Breivik's religious position is rather distant from  any Christian faith commitment," Fjeldstad wrote.
But  others pushed back against such a carefully cordoned-off interpretation of  Breivik's faith, or Christianity itself.  "If he did what he  has alleged to have done, Anders Breivik is a Christian terrorist," Boston  University religion scholar Stephen Prothero wrote on CNN.com.  "Yes, he twisted the Christian tradition in directions  most Christians would not countenance. But he rooted his hate and  his terrorism in Christian thought and Christian history, particularly  the history of the medieval Crusades against Muslims, and current efforts  to renew that clash."
 "So Christians have a responsibility  to speak out forcefully against him, and to look hard at the resources in  the Christian tradition that can be used to such murderous ends."  Andrew Sullivan, the popular blogger and Catholic, also  expounded on that point, writing that "it is obvious that Christians can  commit murder, assault, etc. They do so every day. Because, as  Christian orthodoxy tells us, we are all sinners. To say that no Christian  can ever commit murder is a sophist's piffle. ... Do the countless  criminals who have gone to church or believe in Jesus immediately not count  as Christians the minute they commit the crime? Of course not."
Sullivan said Bill O'Reilly's argument "is complete heresy in  terms of the most basic Christian orthodoxy."
And Sullivan  is right, though for some 2,000 years Christians have still battled  fiercely over who is a "real" Christian and who is not, or who is a "good"  Christian and who is a "bad" Christian.
Is Christianity  about being baptized or joining a particular church? Is faith a matter of  true belief (orthodoxy) or just actions (orthopraxy)? Or some alchemical  combination of the two? And what is the right belief? Or the right thing to  do?
Many argue today that President Obama, for example, can't  be a true Christian despite his profession of faith because of the  liberal policies he proposes. Or that Wisconsin Rep. Paul Ryan, a Tea  Party favorite, can't be a real Catholic because he embraces the  atheistic libertarianism of Ayn Rand in opposition to the teachings of  the Catholic Church.
Yet as far back as the fourth  century, Saint Ambrose spoke of the church as a "casta meretrix" -- the  "chaste harlot" who welcomes all comers while remaining pure herself in  order to sanctify her members.
That analogy still holds true.
Anders Breivik may have been a bad Christian, perhaps the worst  one can imagine, as well as a confused man who cherry-picked from  Scripture and history to justify his un-Christian form of  Christianity.
But proof-texting the Bible and using  faith to rationalize one's favorite political and cultural views is  something most believers -- Jewish, Muslim and Christian -- are guilty of  at one time or another. So kicking Breivik out of Christianity in the end  might be an ominous sign for all Christians.
Is Anders Breivik a `Christian' terrorist? | The Christian Century