THE Pope risked the wrath of the religious Right yesterday by declaring that Darwin's theory of evolution was compatible with Christian faith. In a message to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, which advises the Vatican on scientific matters, the Pope said the theory of natural selection was "more than just a hypothesis".
The Pope, who appears fully recovered from his appendix operation two weeks ago, was responding to requests for clarification from the 80-member Academy, which is holding its 60th anniversary meeting on "Evolution And The Origins Of Life".
Darwin's theories, as formulated in Origin Of Species By Natural Selection and The Descent Of Man led to bitter controversy in the late 19th century, with leading churchmen denouncing them as incompatible with the account given in Genesis.
Pope Pius XII broached the subject in 1950 in his encyclical Humani Generis, indicating that the Church should not reject Darwin's "serious hypothesis" out of hand. But he said that it could be misused by Communist "dialectical materialists" whose aim was "to remove any notion of God from people's minds".
Pope John Paul II went further than Pius XII yesterday, saying: "It is noteworthy that the theory of evolution has progressively taken root in the minds of researchers following a series of discoveries in different
disciplines."
He added: "The convergence, neither sought nor provoked, of results of studies undertaken independently from each other in itself constitutes a significant argument in favour of the theory [of evolution]."
The Pope appeared to side step the vexed theological question of whether, if the theory of evolution from apes and Australopithecus afarensis through Neanderthal man to Homo sapiens is correct, creatures before modern man had souls.
But he said that, whatever man's origins, his soul was a divine creation, declaring: "If the human body has its origin in pre-existing living matter, the spiritual soul is immediately created by God." No theory was acceptable which held that the spirit emerged from "the forces of living material".
Marghareta Hack, a leading Italian astronomer, said the pronouncement was an important step "because for the first time the Church is accepting evolution as a proven fact".
Francesco Barone, a scientific philosopher, told Il Messaggero that, after Galileo's rehabilitation, acceptance of evolutionary theory was the latest in a series of steps which were "mending the tears" in the Church's relationship with science.
Opposition to Darwinism remains staunch in the American Bible Belt.
Contributed by Jeremy C. Ahouse; Biology Department; Brandeis University; Waltham, MA 02254-9110