How do scientists account for flucuations in solar output? Solar strength varies from year to year, how can scientist predict future temperature change if the solar variability changes without scientists expecting it. In order for a climate model to work scientists can only assume that solar output is constant and does not flucuate.
It's called standard deviation. You can measure trends in things, in this case the trends are called Schwabe and Hale cycles. You can program a model with boundary conditions set by standard deviations, confidence intervals, etc. Then you initialize the model at some point, maybe it's 1950, and it goes from there. The model is only used if it can first accurately portray what we know of the past climate. It couldn't do that without accounting for changes in solar output...
Of course it won't get the conditions right if in one year solar output goes off the chart, but luckily the solar output doesn't do that, It looks like this:
