Had Ms Rice acquainted herself with the most current research on the subject of suicide terrorism, which consists of the study done at the University of Chicago under political scientist Robert Pape, she would have understood that campaigns of suicide attacks always have the support of the community for whose interest the attacks are carried out. Because their aims are recognized as valid within the national community, the acceptance of their means range, for a large segment of the community, from acquiescence to outright support.
This is one of the central findings of the Pape study. This study, the most comprehensive yet done, compiled data on all suicide attacks occurring in the world between 1982 and 2003. The study found that 315 suicide attacks occurred involving 412 suicide attackers.
One key result was that the majority of the attackers were secular rather than religious. Of the 41 suicide attackers in Lebanon between 1982 and 1986 (this period including the suicide bombing of the US Marine compound in which 241 US Marines were killed), the survey was able to ascertain the religious affiliation of 38. Of these, 30 were affiliated with groups opposed to Islamic fundamentalism. Twenty-seven were from communist or socialist groups such as the Lebanese Communists Party, the Lebanese National Resistance Front, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Amal, the Baath Party and others – all secular groups with no commitment to religious extremism. Three were Christian, including a high school teacher. Only eight were affiliated with Islamic fundamentalism.
Overall, of 384 suicide attackers for which the survey was able to obtain data, 43 percent were religious while 57 percent were secular.
The most prolific practitioners of suicide attacks are the Tamil Tigers, a secular group, of Sri Lanka who account for 76 of the 315 suicide attacks during this period. Their attacks have included the assassination of two heads of state including Indian Prime Minister Raji Gandhi.
The survey found that fifty four percent of those who committed suicide attacks had some post secondary education, compared with only a small fraction of their society whereas only 10 percent of the attackers had only a primary school education or less, compared with nearly half in their societies as a whole. Thus suicide attackers are, on average, better educated than their peers.
The survey of Arab suicide attackers found most were from working or middle classes and seldom were unemployed or poor. Seventy six percent had working class or middle class jobs – technicians, mechanics, policemen, teachers -- whereas only 17 percent were unemployed or at the bottom of their income scale.
Dr Pape states:
Overall, this survey of primary demographic characteristics of suicide terrorists cast strong doubt on the prevailing assumptions that individuals who carry out these attacks are primarily religious fanatics, irresponsible adolescents, or sexually frustrated males. Nearly all were well beyond adolescence, most were secular, and many – the overwhelming majority in some groups – were women. None had pathognomonic characteristics of a suicidal personality - past history of suicide attempts. Rather, the uncomfortable fact is that suicide terrorists are far more normal than many of us would like to believe. (Dying to Win, Pape, p211)
There have been nine suicide campaigns during the period between 1982 and 2003. All have been aimed at driving foreign occupiers from what is perceived as the attacker’s homeland.
Pape states, in direct contradiction to Ms Rice:
Most suicide terrorism is undertaken as a strategic effort directed toward particular political goals; it is not simply the product of irrational individual or an expression of fanatical hatreds. The main purpose of suicide terrorism is the use of the threat of punishment to compel a target government to change policy, and most especially to cause democratic states to withdraw forces form land the terrorists perceive as their national homeland. (ibid, p27)
There have been many explanations provided of suicide attacks on occupation armies, or on the societies that support them, by the leaderships of those who sponsor suicide campaigns, all of which, apparently, Ms Rice is oblivious. One such is expressed by Sayeed Si
www.axisoflogic.com/artman/publish/article-22209.shmtl