Part 2
In many cases that Dr. Hatterer and others have investigated, the parents of homosexuals have not been such bad folks, but other members of the family — such as a brother or sister the boy repeatedly lost out to or who continual ly bullied him, or an older relative, male or female, who consistently exploit ed the boy sexually — might have “ho mosexualized” him.
Dr. Martin Hoffman, psychiatrist at Mount Zion Medical Center in San Fran cisco, who summarized his study of ho mosexuals in a hook, “The Gay World,” also deplores the emphasis on parental influences.
While parent‐child interactions are a “crucial factor” in the development of sexual feelings, he says, “a full explana tion of any given adult's sexual pat terns must take into account the vital years between the beginning of school ing and the end of adolescence. It is during these years that the individual learns a great deal about who he is, what he can and cannot do, and how his age‐mates will respond to his ac tions.”
Dr. Hoffman recalls the case of a 47‐ year‐old business executive who had a “happy childhood,” a close, satisfactory relationship with his father and a pas sive mother who was devoted to her husband.
The boy's troubles began when he entered high school. His clumsiness and lack of interest in athletics isolated him from his peers. He was also afflicted with a severe case of acne, which made him unattractive to girls.
Doubting his masculinity, he be friended another boy outcast with defi nite effeminate mannerisms. After a while, they began experimenting sexual ly with one another and soon came to regard themselves as “gay.” The result: a lifelong commitment to homosexual ity.
If the unspoken rejection of a boy's peer group can have such a profound ef fect, certainly such shattering taunts as “sissy,” “Marna's boy,” “fatso,” “fag,” and the like can seriously undermine the sexual identity of a boy who may already be questioning his masculinity.
Dr. Hatterer believes that environ mental and cultural factors are becom ing increasingly important contributors to the development of homosexuality.
He notes, for example, that “young sters today are under more and more pressure to perform sexually well and early in life. Some boys may avoid het erosexual encounters because they're afraid they will be inadequate, others may fear the responsibility, still others may be afraid that their physical en dowments will make them subject to rid icule or unable to satisfy a woman.
“Let's face it, for a young boy who wants sex, it's much easier and faster and often less threatening to make, a ho mosexual contact than to pick up a girl.”
Sometimes, Dr. Hatterer adds, par ents inadvertently encourage such be havior by explicitly forbidding sexual encounters with girls but saying nothing explicit about other boys.
Other environmental influences Dr. Hatterer has encountered in dealing with homosexuals include the following:
¶“The $1‐billion hard core homosex ual pornography industry” and the pro liferation of homosexual movies. “For the vulnerable male, it's very stimulat ing and may be the thing that pushes him over the line.”
¶The growing public tolerance of ho mosexuality, which may make some men feel, “Maybe it's easier, and why not?”
¶The blending of traditional male and female roles that can lead to confusion in a boy's mind as to what is male and what is female, especially if the families of his friends are structured differently from his.
¶The value that our society places on sexual as well as material success. “For some young people failure, or im agined failure, in both these respects may lead to homosexuality.”
“Often,” Dr. Hatterer remarks in his recently published book, “Changing Ho mosexuality in the Male,” “the family can do nothing to counter outside influ ences of this kind.” He is critical of his psychiatric colleagues who, he says, have given very little attention to such environmental influences on male homo sexuality.”
Dr. Albert Ellis, New York psychol ogist and author of many books on sex and marriage, shares this view. “The Freudians,” he says, “highly exaggerate the part that family patterns play . . . and neglect the part that general cul ture patterns play.”
Psychiatrists agree that it is by no means easy to turn a child into a homo sexual, and most children seem able to resist even the worst combination of influences.
He notes, for example, that some young men may be more interested in arts and music than they are in athlet ics, and a boy whose predominant in terests are esthetic is a cultural outcast in current American society.
In their book, “Growing Up Straight,” Peter and Barbara Wyden describe a boy who became a homosexual largely because he was physically unable to match the masculine ideal of our cul ture. Instead, he developed his excel lent singing voice and sang in the church choir.
Strangely enough, when he traveled to Europe where the prevailing concept of masculinity encompasses esthetic in terests, he had no difficulty with hetero sexual relations, but upon returning to the United States, his homosexuality flared up again.
Dr. Hatterer's advice to parents: “May be your child is artistic and not such good ball player. Give him a chance to develop his other strengths, even if they don't fit the lines of our stereotyped view of masculinity. Don't push him and make
him feel like a failure if he can't do things that are constitutionally diffi cult for him.”
Parents can help counter the damage that may be done by the boy's peers, Dr. Hatterer believes, by conveying to their son that he fits their image of masculin ity and by showing him that they them selves are comfortable in their respective roles, regardless of who does the dishes or the cooking.
Many homosexuals are also begin ning to realize that the roots of their problems go beyond their parents. As one former homosexual, who is now married and leading a completely hetero sexual life, remarked: “The day I stopped blaming my parents for my con dition and accepted responsiblity for my acts was the day I began to grow up.
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