Space Thread

spaminator

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National Near Miss Day recognizes day Earth had close call with massive asteroid
Author of the article:Rita DeMontis
Published Mar 22, 2023 • Last updated 1 day ago • 4 minute read

Have you ever had a near miss?



Earth certainly did, back on March 23, 1989, when a massive asteroid almost crashed into the planet.


The size of a mountain, had this asteroid – named 4581 Asclepius – hit us, the results would have been on such a catastrophic level, life as we know it would not exist today. There would have been massive darkness, tidal waves and tsunamis, and nature torn asunder, not to mention mass extinctions of life.

Researchers recall the asteroid – a collection of dust and rock – came within 684,000 km of colliding with the planet.

Here’s the thing – we Earthlings didn’t know a thing about this life-altering event until scientists discovered the asteroid nine days after its closest approach to Earth. Nine days later!

“On the cosmic scale of things, that was a close call,” said the late Dr. Henry Holt, in can assume is the understatement of the year. This famous Northern Arizona University astrogeologist and astronomer discovered the object “in photographs taken March 31 using the 18-inch Schmidt telescope at the Mount Palomar Observatory in California,” as reported in a 1989 special report in the New York Times.


Geophysicists estimated that a collision with Asclepius – ironically named after the Greek demi-god of healing and medicine – would have released enough of an explosion comparable to a 600 megaton atomic bomb.

Of course there have been other near-misses before and after this one. And let’s not forget what happened to the dinosaurs millions of years ago.

As for citizens of Earth – let’s just say this was the mother of all near misses.

Thanks to this historic event, we’re celebrating National Near Miss Day today, in which we acknowledge all things that might have been, could have been and thank heavens did not happen!

National Near Miss Day is as good a day as ever to reflect on the near-misses in one’s life, be they physical, existential or emotional. According to National Calendar Day, the fragility of the planet comes into play, when one reflects on how truly vulnerable it is out in the universe.


Earth is pretty good at dodging the stuff that wants to crash into our atmosphere. National Calendar Day reports that large asteroids really don’t hit Earth that often – and most burn up in the planet’s atmosphere before hitting the ground, “often creating unexpected meteor showers.”

Of course, who can forget that startling sonic boom from the massive meteor that exploded over Russia back in February, 2013. The noise was deafening – and frightening – blowing out windows and damaging buildings, not to mention injuring more than a thousand people who lived near the city of Chelyabinsk, Russia. This mighty meteor flexed its muscle to show the world how vulnerable it truly is.

But it wasn’t the first space rock to hurt a human. The National Geographic website reported on the true story of one Ann Hodges, “the only confirmed person in history to have been hit by a meteorite.”


Hodges was covered in a quilt and napping on her Sylacauga, Alabama couch, in the middle of a clear afternoon, when – suddenly – a softball-size chunk of black rock broke through the ceiling, bounced off a radio, and hit her in the thigh – leaving a dramatic, pineapple-shaped bruise.

National Geographic says Hodges story is “particularly rare because most meteorites usually fall into the ocean or strike one of Earth’s vast, remote places, according to Michael Reynolds, a Florida State College astronomer and author of the book Falling Stars: A Guide to Meteors & Meteorites.”

Reynolds states “you have a better chance of getting hit by a tornado and a bolt of lightning and a hurricane all at the same time,” than having a meteorite suddenly wake you from a nap.


All food for thought as we ponder Near Miss Day, along with what Dr. Holt had to say when Earth dodged the proverbial bullet 34 years ago today: “It can come this close or closer in the future,” said Holt, in the New York Times article. “Sooner or later, it should collide with the Earth, the Moon or Mars,” he added.

(Word is Ascelepius is expected to pass near earth on or about 24 March 2051, about 1,840,000 km. from Earth.)

#NationalNearMissDay

What’s the difference between meteors, meteorites, and meteoroids?

“Meteoroids, meteors, and meteorites are really names for space rocks at different stages. The ones floating around in space are meteoroids. The ones that enter Earth’s atmosphere and burn up are called meteors. The ones that don’t burn up entirely and instead crash into the surface of the earth are called meteorites.”

What is an asteroid?

An asteroid is “any of millions of small celestial objects revolving around the sun, often irregularly shaped and having a great range in size.” Asteroids can also be called minor planets or planetoids; they’re bigger than meteoroids, but they can range from as small as six feet across to more than 600 miles across (much smaller than a planet, but still pretty big.

–Dictionary.com
 

spaminator

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Launch debut of 3D-printed rocket ends in failure, no orbit
Author of the article:Associated Press
Associated Press
Marcia Dunn
Published Mar 23, 2023 • 1 minute read
Relativity Space's 3D-printed rocket Terran 1 sits is rolled out to the launch pad at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in this Dec. 7, 2022 photograph.
Relativity Space's 3D-printed rocket Terran 1 sits is rolled out to the launch pad at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in this Dec. 7, 2022 photograph. PHOTO BY TREVOR MAHLMANN/RELATIVITY SPACE VIA REUTERS /Handout/File Photo
CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. — A rocket made almost entirely of 3D-printed parts made its launch debut Wednesday night, lifting off amid fanfare but failing three minutes into flight — far short of orbit.


There was nothing aboard Relativity Space’s test flight except for the company’s first metal 3D print made six years ago.


The startup wanted to put the souvenir into a 200-kilometre-high orbit for several days before having it plunge through the atmosphere and burn up along with the upper stage of the rocket.

As it turned out, the first stage did its job following liftoff from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station and separated as planned. But the upper stage appeared to ignite and then shut down, sending it crashing into the Atlantic.

It was the third launch attempt from what once was a missile site. Relativity Space came within a half-second of blasting off earlier this month, with the rocket’s engines igniting before abruptly shutting down.


Although the upper stage malfunctioned and the mission did not reach orbit, “maiden launches are always exciting and today’s flight was no exception,” Relativity Space launch commentator Arwa Tizani Kelly said after Wednesday’s launch.

Most of the 110-foot (33-metre) rocket, including its engines, came out of the company’s huge 3D printers in Long Beach, California.

Relativity Space said 3D-printed metal parts made up 85% of the rocket, named Terran. Larger versions of the rocket will have even more and also be reusable for multiple flights.

Other space companies also also rely on 3D-printing, but the pieces make up only a small part of their rockets.

Founded in 2015 by a pair of young aerospace engineers, Relativity Space has attracted the attention of investors and venture capitalists.
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spaminator

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Large part of our solar system will be visible at end of March
Author of the article:postmedia News
Published Mar 23, 2023 • Last updated 1 day ago • 1 minute read
A good chunk of our solar system will be visible later this month. Five planets are expected to be visible from Earth, something that doesn't happen very often, according to Starwalk.Space.
A good chunk of our solar system will be visible later this month. Five planets are expected to be visible from Earth, something that doesn't happen very often, according to Starwalk.Space. PHOTO BY SCREENGRAB /Starwalk.Space
A good chunk of our solar system will be visible later this month.


Five planets are expected to be visible from Earth, something that doesn’t happen very often, according to Starwalk.Space.


It is called a planetary alignment, which describes the gathering of several planets on one side of the sun at the same time. It’s known as a Planetary Parade, according to Starwalk.Space.

A planetary alignment is a formation that emerges in various sizes ranging from “mini” (three planets) to “full” (all eight planets, plus Pluto on occasion).

This month will be “large,” an alignment that consists of five or six planets.

According to NASA, this phenomenon occurs depending on the amount of time each planet takes to complete one orbit around the sun. Because the duration for each orbit differs per planet, this explains why planetary alignments are rare — especially those larger in size, like this one, according to PEOPLE.

Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Uranus are expected to be visible. This formation is rare because Uranus is usually one of the hardest planets to see from earth.
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spaminator

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Five planets will be lined up in night sky this week
Author of the article:Associated Press
Associated Press
Maddie Burakoff
Published Mar 28, 2023 • 1 minute read

NEW YORK — Keep an eye to the sky this week for a chance to see a planetary hangout.


Five planets — Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, Uranus and Mars — will line up near the moon.


WHERE AND WHEN CAN YOU SEE THEM?
The best day to catch the whole group is Tuesday. You’ll want to look to the western horizon right after sunset, said NASA astronomer Bill Cooke.

The planets will stretch from the horizon line to around halfway up the night sky. But don’t be late: Mercury and Jupiter will quickly dip below the horizon around half an hour after sunset.

The five-planet spread can be seen from anywhere on Earth, as long as you have clear skies and a view of the west.

“That’s the beauty of these planetary alignments. It doesn’t take much,” Cooke said.

DO I NEED BINOCULARS?
Maybe. Jupiter, Venus and Mars will all be pretty easy to see since they shine brightly, Cooke said. Venus will be one of the brightest things in the sky, and Mars will be hanging out near the moon with a reddish glow. Mercury and Uranus could be trickier to spot, since they will be dimmer. You’ll probably need to grab a pair of binoculars.


If you’re a “planet collector,” it’s a rare chance to spot Uranus, which usually isn’t visible, Cooke said. Look out for its green glow just above Venus.

DOES THIS HAPPEN OFTEN?
Different numbers and groups of planets line up in the sky from time to time. There was a five-planet lineup last summer and there’s another one in June, with a slightly different makeup.

This kind of alignment happens when the planets’ orbits line them up on one side of the sun from Earth’s perspective, Cooke said.

— The Associated Press Health and Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Science and Educational Media Group. The AP is solely responsible for all content.
 

Blackleaf

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British scientists at Durham University have discovered the largest known black hole - 33 billion times the mass of the Sun...

 

spaminator

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Space race! Meteorites hit Maine, museum offers $25K reward
Author of the article:Associated Press
Associated Press
Patrick Whittle
Published Apr 12, 2023 • 2 minute read

PORTLAND, Maine — Somewhere in a remote stretch of forest near Maine’s border with Canada, rocks from space crashed to Earth and may be scattered across the ground — just waiting to be picked up.


If you’re the first to find a really big one, a museum says it’ll pay out a $25,000 reward.


The unusually bright fireball could be seen in broad daylight around noon Saturday, said Darryl Pitt, chair of the meteorite division at the Maine Mineral and Gem Museum in Bethel.

NASA said the falling meteors was observed on radar — a first for Maine — and witnesses heard sonic booms.

The museum wants to add to its collection of moon and Mars rocks, Pitt said, so the first meteorite hunters to deliver a 1-kilogram (2.2-pound) specimen will claim the $25,000 prize.

According to Pitt, the fact that radar detected the fiery descent assures the meteorites can be found on the ground.

“With more people having an awareness, the more people will look — and the greater the likelihood of a recovery,” Pitt said Wednesday.


Still, there’s no guarantee there are any meteorites big enough to claim the payout.

NASA said on its website that the “meteorite masses calculated from the radar signatures range from 1.59g (0.004 pounds) to 322g (0.7 pounds) although larger masses may have fallen.”

The chunks of space rock likely impacted across a swath of ground spanning from the town of Waite, Maine, to Canoose, New Brunswick. According to NASA, the largest specimens will be strewn at the west end of the debris field, closest to Waite — about a 3 1/2 hour drive from Portland.

NASA said four radar sweeps found “signatures consistent with falling meteorites, seen at the time and location reported by eyewitnesses.”

The Maine Mineral and Gem Museum maintains an extensive collection of specimens, including the largest intact Mars rock on Earth.

The museum is asking meteorite hunters to brush up on what meteorites look like before searching, so they know what they’re looking for, and avoid private property unless they have permission.

Pitt said the museum is also looking to purchase any other specimens found by meteorite hunters. He said the specimens “could easily be worth their weight in gold.”
 

spaminator

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First image of a black hole gets a makeover with AI
Author of the article:Associated Press
Associated Press
Maddie Burakoff
Published Apr 13, 2023 • 1 minute read
This combination of images provided by researcher Lia Medeiros shows images of the M87 black hole released in 2019, left, and an updated one for 2023.
This combination of images provided by researcher Lia Medeiros shows images of the M87 black hole released in 2019, left, and an updated one for 2023. PHOTO BY HO /THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
NEW YORK — The first image of a black hole captured four years ago revealed a fuzzy, fiery doughnut-shaped object. Now, researchers have used artificial intelligence to give that cosmic beauty shot a touch-up.


The updated picture, published Thursday in the Astrophysical Journal Letters, keeps the original shape, but with a skinnier ring and a sharper resolution.


The image released in 2019 gave a peek at the enormous black hole at the center of the M87 galaxy, 53 million light-years from Earth. A light-year is 5.8 trillion miles. It was made using data gathered by a network of radio telescopes around the world, showing swirling light and gas.

But even with many telescopes working together, gaps remained in the data. In the latest study, scientists relied on the same data and used machine learning to fill in the missing pieces.

The resulting picture looks similar to the original, but with a thinner “doughnut” and a darker center, researchers said.

“For me, it feels like we’re really seeing it for the first time,” said lead author Lia Medeiros, an astrophysicist at the Institute for Advanced Study in New Jersey.

By having a clearer picture, researchers hope to learn more about the black hole’s properties and gravity in future studies. And Medeiros said the team plans to use machine learning on other images of celestial objects, including possibly the black hole at the center of our Milky Way galaxy.
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spaminator

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SpaceX calls off first launch attempt of giant new rocket
Countdown halted at 40-second mark because of a stuck valve in first-stage booster

Author of the article:Associated Press
Associated Press
Marcia Dunn
Published Apr 17, 2023 • Last updated 20 hours ago • 1 minute read
The SpaceX Starship rocket stands on the launchpad ahead of its scheduled launch from the SpaceX Starbase in Boca Chica as seen from South Padre Island, Texas, Monday, April 17, 2023.
The SpaceX Starship rocket stands on the launchpad ahead of its scheduled launch from the SpaceX Starbase in Boca Chica as seen from South Padre Island, Texas, Monday, April 17, 2023. PHOTO BY PATRICK T. FALLON / AFP /Getty Images
SOUTH PADRE ISLAND, Texas — SpaceX called off the first launch attempt of its giant rocket Monday after a problem cropped up during fueling.

Elon Musk’s company had planned to fly the nearly 400-foot Starship rocket from the southern tip of Texas, near the Mexican border.


The test flight was called off with just over eight minutes left in the countdown because of a stuck valve needed to pressurize the first-stage booster. Launch controllers couldn’t fix the frozen valve in time, but for practice, took the clocks down to the 40-second mark before halting the countdown.

No people or satellites were aboard. There won’t be another try until at least Thursday.

“Learned a lot today,” Musk tweeted after the flight was postponed.



The company plans to use Starship to send people and cargo to the moon and, ultimately, Mars.

On the eve of the launch attempt, cars, campers, RVs and even bicycles and horses jammed the only road leading to the launch pad, where the stainless steel rocket towered above the flat scrubland and prairie. Enthusiasts posed in front of the giant letters that spelled out Starbase at the entrance of the SpaceX complex, and in front of the rocket two miles farther down the road, which ended at a beach on the Gulf of Mexico.

On Monday, spectators were barred from the area, and instead packed a beach about six miles away on South Padre Island.

Ernesto and Maria Carreon drove two hours from Mission, Texas, with their two daughters, 5 and 7, to watch.

“I got sad. They got sad,” when the launch attempt was canceled, Maria Carreon said.

They can’t return for the next try but planned to have fun on the beach Monday.

Michelle Vancampenhout, on vacation from Green Bay, Wisconsin, said she’ll be back.

“It’s a once-in-a-lifetime experience to see it,” she said.
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spaminator

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Odd spiral appears amid northern lights in Alaska night sky
Author of the article:Associated Press
Associated Press
Mark Thiessen
Published Apr 18, 2023 • 2 minute read
In this photo provided by Christopher Hayden, a light baby blue spiral resembling a galaxy appears amid the aurora for a few minutes in the Alaska skies near Fairbanks, Saturday, April 15, 2023. The spiral was formed when excess fuel that had been released from a SpaceX rocket that launched from California about three hours earlier turned to ice, and then the water vapour reflected the sunlight in the upper atmosphere.
In this photo provided by Christopher Hayden, a light baby blue spiral resembling a galaxy appears amid the aurora for a few minutes in the Alaska skies near Fairbanks, Saturday, April 15, 2023. The spiral was formed when excess fuel that had been released from a SpaceX rocket that launched from California about three hours earlier turned to ice, and then the water vapour reflected the sunlight in the upper atmosphere. PHOTO BY CHRISTOPHER HAYDEN / HANDOUT /THE ASSOCIATED PRESS
ANCHORAGE, Alaska — Northern light enthusiasts got a surprise mixed in with the green bands of light dancing in the Alaska skies: A light baby blue spiral resembling a galaxy appeared amid the aurora for a few minutes.


The cause early Saturday morning was a little more mundane than an alien invasion or the appearance of a portal to the far reaches of the universe. It was simply excess fuel that had been released from a SpaceX rocket that launched from California about three hours before the spiral appeared.


Sometimes rockets have fuel that needs to be jettisoned, said space physicist Don Hampton, a research associate professor at the University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute.

“When they do that at high altitudes, that fuel turns into ice,” he said. “And if it happens to be in the sunlight, when you’re in the darkness on the ground, you can see it as a sort of big cloud, and sometimes it’s swirly.”

While not a common sight, Hampton said he’s seen such occurrences about three times.


The appearance of the swirl was caught in time-lapse on the Geophysical Institute’s all-sky camera and shared widely. “It created a bit of an Internet storm with that spiral,” Hampton said.

Photographers out for the northern lights show also posted their photos on social media.

The rocket took off from Vandenberg Space Force Base in California Friday night with about 25 satellites as its payload.

It was a polar launch, which made it visible over a large swath of Alaska.

The timing of the fuel dump was timed correctly for visibility over Alaska. “And we got that really cool looking spiral thing,” he said.

While it looked like a galaxy going over Alaska, he assures it wasn’t.

“I can tell you it’s not a galaxy,” he said. “It’s just water vapour reflecting sunlight.”

In January, another spiral was seen, this time over Hawaii’s Big Island. A camera at the summit of Mauna Kea, outside the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan’s Subaru telescope, captured a spiral swirling through the night sky.

Researchers have said it was from the launch of a military GPS satellite that lifted off earlier on a SpaceX rocket in Florida.
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spaminator

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SpaceX giant rocket explodes minutes after launching from Texas
Rocket was intentionally destroyed by self-destruct system after multiple engines were not firing as it ascended, SpaceX said

Author of the article:Associated Press
Associated Press
Marcia Dunn
Published Apr 20, 2023 • Last updated 1 day ago • 4 minute read
SpaceX's next-generation Starship spacecraft, atop its powerful Super Heavy rocket, explodes after its launch from the company's Boca Chica launchpad on a brief uncrewed test flight near Brownsville, Texas, Thursday, April 20, 2023.
SpaceX's next-generation Starship spacecraft, atop its powerful Super Heavy rocket, explodes after its launch from the company's Boca Chica launchpad on a brief uncrewed test flight near Brownsville, Texas, Thursday, April 20, 2023. PHOTO BY JOE SKIPPER /REUTERS
SOUTH PADRE ISLAND, Texas — SpaceX’s giant new rocket exploded minutes after blasting off on its first test flight Thursday and crashed into the Gulf of Mexico.


Elon Musk’s company was aiming to send the biggest and most powerful rocket ever built on a round-the-world trip from the southern tip of Texas, near the Mexican border. The nearly 400-foot (120-metre) Starship carried no people or satellites.


SpaceX later said multiple engines on the 33-engine booster were not firing as the rocket ascended, causing it to lose altitude and begin to tumble. The rocket was intentionally destroyed by its self-destruct system, exploding and plummeting into the water.

Instead of a best-case-scenario 1 1/2-hour flight with the spacecraft on top peeling away and taking a lap around the world, the whole thing lasted four minutes. The rocket reached a maximum speed of about 1,300 mph (2,100 km/h) and as high as 24 miles (39 kilometres), before going sideways and dropping.


Throngs of spectators watched from South Padre Island, several miles away from the Boca Chica Beach launch site, which was off-limits. As Starship lifted off with a thunderous roar, the crowd screamed: “Go, baby, go!”

Musk, in a tweet, called it “an exciting test launch of Starship! Learned a lot for next test launch in a few months.” SpaceX termed it a “rapid unscheduled disassembly.”



In the weeks leading up to the flight, Musk gave 50-50 odds that the spacecraft would reach orbit. He stressed that clearing the launch tower and not blowing up the pad would be a win.

“You never know exactly what’s going to happen,” said SpaceX livestream commentator and engineer John Insprucker. “But as we promised, excitement is guaranteed and Starship gave us a rather spectacular end.”

The SpaceX Starship lifts off from the launchpad during a flight test from Starbase in Boca Chica, Texas, on Thursday, April 20, 2023.
The SpaceX Starship lifts off from the launchpad during a flight test from Starbase in Boca Chica, Texas, on Thursday, April 20, 2023. PHOTO BY PATRICK T. FALLON / AFP /Getty Images
At liftoff, the rocket kicked up huge plumes of sand and dust around the pad. In Port Isabel, about 10 miles (6 kilometres) away, particles covered cars and other surfaces. The only other report, said John Sandoval, assistant to the city manager, was a shattered window at a local business. “Yes, it shook, rattled and rolled,” he said of the rocket.


The Federal Aviation Administration said it would oversee the accident investigation, noting that no injuries or public property damage were reported. The agency also said that until it determines that there is no threat to public safety, Starships are grounded.

SpaceX intends to use Starship to send people and cargo to the moon and, eventually, Mars. NASA has reserved a Starship for its next moonwalking team, and rich tourists are already booking lunar flybys.

Despite the abbreviated flight, congratulations poured in from NASA chief Bill Nelson and others in the space industry. Retired Canadian astronaut Chris Hadfield tweeted, “Huge accomplishment, huge lessons, onwards to the next attempt.”



“It fell somewhere between a small step and their hoped-for giant leap, but it still represents significant progress toward a reusable super-heavy lift rocket,” University of Chicago’s Jordan Bimm, a space historian, said in an email.

At 394 feet and nearly 17 million pounds of thrust, Starship easily surpasses NASA’s moon rockets — past, present and future. NASA successfully launched its new 322-foot (98-metre) moon rocket last November on a test flight, sending the empty Orion capsule around the moon.

The stainless steel Starship rocket is designed to be fully reusable with fast turnaround, dramatically lowering costs, similar to what SpaceX’s smaller Falcon rockets have done soaring from Cape Canaveral, Florida. Nothing was to be saved from this test flight, with the spacecraft — if all had gone well — aiming for a watery grave in the Pacific near Hawaii.


The futuristic spacecraft flew several miles into the air during testing a few years ago, landing successfully only once. But this was the inaugural launch of the first-stage booster with 33 methane-fueled engines.

SpaceX has more boosters and spacecraft lined up for more test flight; the next set is almost ready to go. Musk wants to fire them off in quick succession, so he can start using Starships to launch satellites into low-Earth orbit and then put people on board.

It was the second launch attempt. Monday’s try was scrapped by a frozen booster valve.

Jason and Lisa Flores drove down from Corpus Christi to watch the launch with their daughter, and noticed something was amiss.

Lisa Flores cried seeing the liftoff and then realized, “It’s not working out the way it was supposed to.”

Elizabeth Trujillo, 13, wearing a “Star Wars” shirt and carrying toy binoculars, skipped school to see the launch from the beach with her mother and other relatives. The crowd cheered when Starship cleared the tower.

Despite the failed attempt, “it was worth it,” said Jessica Trujillo, Elizabeth’s mother. “Just hearing and seeing the view, the excitement of the crowd, it was priceless.”

“Practice makes perfect. They just got to practice some more,” she added.

— AP reporter Valerie Gonzalez contributed.
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Jinentonix

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I like how they're pretending the utter failure and destruction of the rocket was some kind of win.

That's kind'a like playing against the worst team in the NHL and getting shelled by them 8-0 and then thinking it's some kind of win because hey, at least you didn't lose anyone to injury.
 

Tecumsehsbones

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Latinos and Filipinos are pretty hardcore they are shifting the balance in these parts.
Any data to back that up? You do understand that the kind of non-Catholic Christians Texas breeds tend to be pretty "hardcore" as well, right? Baptists and Pentecostals and suchlike.
 

petros

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Any data to back that up? You do understand that the kind of non-Catholic Christians Texas breeds tend to be pretty "hardcore" as well, right? Baptists and Pentecostals and suchlike.
Something like this?


Or this?

Is Catholicism growing in Texas?


The number of priests has remained at 1,900 to 2,100 since reaching that level in the mid-1960s. And yet the Catholic population more than doubled between 1960 and 1993. In the latter year there were 3,975,000 Catholics in Texas, 23 percent of the state's total population.Oct 6, 2022
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https://www.tshaonline.org › entries

Catholic Church - Texas State Historical Association

 

Tecumsehsbones

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Um, no. What I had in mind was data on the opinions of Texas Catholics on the abortion issue. That kinda being the subject.

(Actually, the subject is space, but you seem for some reason to want to throw around broad generalizations about religion and politics in a country you don't live in, and I'm kinda bored today, so. . .)