communism
communism, fundamentally, a system of social organization in which property (especially real property and the means of production) is held in common. Thus, the
ejido system of the indigenous people of Mexico and the property-and-work system of the
Inca were both communist, although the former was a matter of more or less independent communities cultivating their own lands in common and the latter a type of community organization within a highly organized empire.
In modern usage, the term
Communism (written with a capital
C) is applied to the movement that aims to overthrow the capitalist order by revolutionary means and to establish a classless society in which all goods will be socially owned. The theories of the movement come from Karl
Marx, as modified by Vladimir Ilyich
Lenin, leader of the successful Communist revolution in Russia. Communism, in this sense, is to be distinguished from
socialism, which (as the term is commonly understood) seeks similar ends but by evolution rather than revolution.
fascism
fascism (făsh'iz
um) [
key], totalitarian philosophy of government that glorifies the state and nation and assigns to the state control over every aspect of national life. The name was first used by the party started by Benito
Mussolini, who ruled Italy from 1922 until the Italian defeat in World War II. However, it has also been applied to similar ideologies in other countries, e.g., to
National Socialism in Germany and to the regime of Francisco
Franco in Spain. The term is derived from the Latin
fasces.