Gnosticism (
Greek: γνῶσις
gnōsis,
knowledge) refers to diverse,
syncretistic religious movements in
antiquity consisting of various
belief systems generally united in the teaching that the cosmos was created by an imperfect god, the
demiurge with some of the supreme God's
pneuma; this being is frequently identified with the
Abrahamic God, (as opposed to the
Gospel according to the Hebrews) and is contrasted with a superior entity, referred to by several terms including
Pleroma and
Godhead.
[1] Depictions of the
demiurge—the term originates with
Plato's
Timaeus[2]—vary from being as an embodiment of evil, to being merely imperfect and as benevolent as its inadequacy permits. Gnosticism was a
dualistic religion, influenced by and influencing
Hellenic philosophy,
Judaism (see
Notzrim), and
Christianity;
[3] however, by contrast, later strands of the movement, such as the
Valentinians, held a
monistic world-view.
[4] This, along with the varying treatments of the demiurge, may be seen as indicative of the variety of positions held within the category.
The
gnōsis referred to in the term is a form of
mystic, revealed,
esoteric knowledge through which the spiritual elements of
humanity are reminded of their true origins within the superior Godhead, being thus permitted to escape materiality.
[5] Consequently, within the sects of gnosticism only the
pneumatics or
psychics obtain
gnōsis; the
hylic or
Somatics, though human, being incapable of perceiving the higher reality, are unlikely to attain the
gnōsis deemed by gnostic movements as necessary for salvation.
[6][7] Jesus of Nazareth is identified by some Gnostic sects as an embodiment of the supreme being who became incarnate to bring
gnōsis to the earth.
[8] In others (e.g. the
Notzrim and
Mandaeans) he is considered a
mšiha kdaba or "false messiah" who perverted the teachings entrusted to him by
John the Baptist.
[9] Still other traditions identify
Mani and
Seth, third son of
Adam and Eve, as salvific figures.
[10]