MULTIVERSES
Open multiverse
Infinite universes would mean infinite people exactly like yourself and everyone else
Some physicists believe that the universe is spatially unbounded. The
theory of relativity places a firm upper limit on the speed at which information can travel, effectively dividing this infinite space into "local" universes. Our
observable universe, for example, is a sphere centered on the Earth (centered, that is, on whoever's doing the calculating), currently about 46.5 billion
light years in radius, called the
Hubble volume.
Thus, there are an infinite number of regions of
space the same size as our
observable universe -- an infinite number of observable universes, that is.
This infinite set (which must contain, among other things, an infinite number of identical copies of you,[4] the nearest of which is about
(10 with 1028 zeros after it) meters away, and an equally infinite number of not-quite-identical copies) comprises the level-I multiverse.
By the
Bekenstein bound there are only a finite number of configuration possible within any region, hence exact duplication is possible.
Overtly or not, physicists often use the idea of an Open Multiverse when evaluating theories. For example,
Max Tegmark writes:
...consider how cosmologists used the microwave background to rule out a finite spherical geometry. Hot and cold spots in microwave background maps have a characteristic size that depends on the curvature of space, and the observed spots appear too small to be consistent with a spherical shape. But it is important to be statistically rigorous. The average spot size varies randomly from one Hubble volume to another, so it is possible that our universe is fooling us--it could be spherical but happen to have abnormally small spots. When cosmologists say they have ruled out the spherical model with 99.9 percent confidence, they really mean that if this model were true, fewer than one in 1,000 Hubble volumes would show spots as small as those we observe.
Bubble theory
"Bubble universes", every disk is a bubble universe(Universe 1 to Universe 6 are different bubbles, they have physical constants that are different from our universe), our universe is just one of the bubbles.
Bubble theory posits an infinite number of open multiverses, each with different
physical constants.
(The set of bubble universes is thus a Level II multiverse.) Counterintuitively, these universes are farther away than even the farthest universe in our open multiverse, which is itself infinitely far from us (hope you understand).
The formation of our universe from a "bubble" of a multiverse was proposed by
Andre Linde. This
Bubble universe theory fits well with the widely accepted theory of inflation. The bubble universe concept involves creation of universes from the
quantum foam of a "parent universe." On very small scales, the foam is frothing due to energy fluctuations. These fluctuations may create tiny bubbles and
wormholes. If the energy fluctuation is not very large, a tiny bubble universe may form, experience some expansion like an inflating balloon, and then contract and disappear from existence. However, if the energy fluctuation is greater than a particular critical value, a tiny bubble universe forms from the parent universe, experiences long-term expansion, and allows matter and large-scale galactic structures to form.
Big bounce
According to some
quantum loop gravity theorists, the
Big Bang was merely the beginning of a period of expansion that followed a period of contraction. In this
oscillatory universe hypothesis (originally attributable to
John Wheeler), the universe undergoes an infinite series of oscillations, each beginning with a big bang and ending with a
big crunch. After the big bang, the universe expands for a while before the gravitational attraction of matter causes it to collapse back in and undergo a
Big bounce. Although the model was abandoned for a time, the theory has been revived in
brane cosmology as the
cyclic model.
Like Bubble Theory, this oscillatory view posits a Level-II multiverse.
Many worlds interpretation of quantum physics
Hugh Everett's
many-worlds interpretation (MWI) is one of several mainstream
interpretations of quantum mechanics. Other interpretations include the
Copenhagen and the
consistent histories interpretations. The multiverse proposed by MWI has a shared time parameter. In most formulations, all the constituent universes are structurally identical to each other and though they have the same physical laws and values for the fundamental constants, they may exist in different states. The constituent universes are furthermore non-communicating, in the sense that no information can pass between them. The state of the entire multiverse is related to the states of the constituent universes by
quantum superposition, and is described by a single
universal wavefunction. Related are
Richard Feynman's
multiple histories interpretation and
H. Dieter Zeh's
many-minds interpretation.
M-theory
A multiverse of a somewhat different kind has been envisaged within the 11-dimensional extension of
string theory known as
M-theory. In M-theory our universe and others are created by collisions between membranes in an 11-dimensional space. Unlike the universes in the "
quantum multiverse", these
universes can have completely different laws of physics—anything may be possible.
String landscape
Another proposal for a multiverse in string theory has received considerable attention lately. It is called the
string landscape and asserts that, roughly speaking, there are a very large number of ways to go from ten dimensional string theory down to the four-dimensional low-energy world we see, and each one of these corresponds to a radically different universe.
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