[edit] History of afterlife beliefs
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[edit] ca 1500 BC: Egyptian
Arriving at one's reward in afterlife is a demanding ordeal, requiring a sin-free heart and the
spells, passwords, and formulas of the
Book of the Dead. One's heart is weighed against the feather of truth and justice (the Goddess Maat). If the heart is lighter than the feather then they may pass on, if it is heavier Ammut will devour them.
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[edit] ca 1200 BC: Zoroastrian
Zoroaster teaches that the dead will be resurrected and purified to live in a perfected material world at the end of time.
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[edit] ca 800 BC: Hindu
The
Upanishads describe
reincarnation, or
samsara.
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[edit] ca 800 BC: Jewish
Writing that will later be incorporated into the
Hebrew Bible names
sheol as the afterlife, a gloomy place where the unrighteous are destined to go after death. The
Book of Numbers identifies sheol as literally underground (
Numbers 16:31-33), in the Biblical account of the destruction of the rebellious Korah and his followers.
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[edit] ca 700 BC: Greek
In the
Odyssey,
Homer refers to the dead as "burnt-out wraiths." An afterlife of eternal bliss exists in
Elysium, but it's reserved for
Zeus's mortal descdendants.
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[edit] ca 400 BC: Greek
In his
Myth of Er,
Plato describes souls being judged immediately after death and sent either to the heavens for a reward or underground for punishment. After their respective rewards have been enjoyed or suffered, the souls reincarnate.
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[edit] ca 200 BC: Jewish
The
Book of Enoch describes
sheol as divided into four compartments for four types of the dead: the faithful saints who await resurrection in
Paradise, the merely virtuous who await their reward, the wicked who await punishment, and the wicked who have already been punished and will not be resurrected on Judgment Day.
[8] It should be noted that the Book of Enoch is considered apocryphal by most denominations of Christianity and all denominations of Judaism, and should be accorded little, if any weight.
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[edit] ca 100 BC: Jewish
The book of
2 Maccabees gives a clear account of the dead awaiting a future resurrection and judgment, plus prayers and offerings for the dead to remove the burden of sin.
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[edit] ca 100 AD: Catholic
Jesus and the
New Testament writers of the
Bible books mention notions of an afterlife and
resurrection that involve ideas like
heaven and
hell. The author of
Luke recounts the story of
Lazarus and the rich man, which shows people in
Hades awaiting the resurrection either in
comfort or torment. The author of the
Book of Revelation writes about
God and the
angels versus
Satan and
demons in an epic battle at the end of times when all
souls are judged. There is mention of ghostly bodies of past prophets, and the
transfiguration.
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[edit] ca 400 AD: Roman Catholic
Saint Augustine counters
Pelagius, arguing that
original sin means that unbaptized infants go to hell (albeit with less suffering than adults experience).
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[edit] ca 600 AD: Roman Catholic
Pope Gregory I, Bishop of Rome, articulates the concept that the saved suffer purification after death. This concept would later be called
purgatory and accepted as
dogma.
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[edit] ca 900 AD: Zoroastrian
The
Pahlavi text
Dadestan-i Denig ("Religious Decisions") describes the
particular judgment of the soul three days after death, with each soul sent to heaven, hell, or a neutral place (
hamistagan) to await
Judgment Day..
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[edit] ca 1100 AD: Roman Catholic
The term
purgatorium is first used to describe a state of suffering and purification of the saved after death.
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[edit] ca 1200 AD: Jewish
Maimonides describes the
Olam Haba ("World to Come") in spiritual terms, relegating the prophesied physical resurrection to the status of a future miracle, unrelated to the afterlife or the Messianic era.
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[edit] ca 1200 AD: Norse
The
Prose Edda describes
Hel as an unpleasant abode for those unworthy of
Valhalla, which is reserved for chosen warriors who die in battle.
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[edit] ca 1300 AD: Jewish
The
Zohar describes
Gehenna not as a place of punishment for the wicked but as a place of spiritual purification for the souls of almost all mortals.
[1]
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[edit] ca 1500 AD: Protestant
Martin Luther denounces the doctrine of
particular judgment as contrary to the
Bible, professing instead the belief that
the soul sleeps until
Judgment Day.
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[edit] ca 1800 AD to Present
Many
New Age and
Science Fiction beliefs become more popular. The variety of beliefs is greatly increased and continues to change, or becomes more eclectic by mixing up beliefs of the past.
[edit] 1832
Revelation to
Joseph Smith and
Sidney Rigdon concerning the
Three Degrees of Glory: Celestial, Terrestrial, and Telestial.
Doctrine and Covenants, Section 76.
[edit] 1918
President
Joseph F. Smith of the
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints presents an elaborate vision of the Afterlife. It is revealed as the scene of an intense Missionary effort by righteous spirits to redeem those still in darkness - a permanent, ongoing
Harrowing of Hell.
[edit] 1945
C. S. Lewis writes
The Great Divorce. In this work of fiction, spirits are continually escaping from
Hell to
Heaven.