Chemtrails

quandary121

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WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements

Element 56

WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Barium | Essential information

Guess that hits your theory that it isn't in nature down a peg.
Barium (pronounced /ˈbɛəriəm/) is a chemical element. It has the symbol Ba, and atomic number 56. Barium is a soft silvery metallic alkaline earth metal. It is never found in nature in its pure form due to its reactivity with air. Its oxide is historically known as baryta but it reacts with water and carbon dioxide and is not found as a mineral. The most common naturally occurring minerals are the very insoluble barium sulfate, BaSO4 (barite), and barium carbonate, BaCO3 (witherite). Benitoite is a rare gem containing barium.

8O
Precautions

All water or acid soluble barium compounds are extremely poisonous. At low doses, barium acts as a muscle stimulant, while higher doses affect the nervous system, causing cardiac irregularities, tremors, weakness, anxiety, dyspnea and paralysis. This may be due to its ability to block potassium ion channels which are critical to the proper function of the nervous system.

IS THAT AN APOLOGY I HEAR NO I THOUGH NOT.!!!!!!!
 
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quandary121

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MORE LIES

This Milwaukee TV meteorologist shows pictures of local chemtrails and then says it's just harmless water vapor from jet exhaust.

Chief Meteorologist Vince Condella has a blog entry about this topic here: http://community.myfoxmilwaukee.com/b...

Here's his video bio: http://www.myfoxmilwaukee.com/myfox/p...

And his work email address: vince.condella@foxtv.com

If you know chemtrails are real and feel Vince needs to get the facts straight, you need to send him an email and post a blog entry.
It's a Great Day For Contrails! - Fox News Chemtrails

I'm sure Vince will appreciate learning about the dangers of breathing high levels of barium, aluminum and biological agents. He needs to get enough emails with the facts on chemtrails and HAARP to let him know we're aware of the truth.
http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=BeNlf2TioEg
 

quandary121

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http://www.webelements.com/barium/


My highlighting, your post, no apology.

Barium (pronounced /ˈbɛəriəm/) is a chemical element. It has the symbol Ba, and atomic number 56. Barium is a soft silvery metallic alkaline earth metal. It is never found in nature in its pure form due to its reactivity with air. Its oxide is historically known as baryta but it reacts with water and carbon dioxide and is not found as a mineral. The most common naturally occurring minerals are the very insoluble barium sulfate, BaSO4 (barite), and barium carbonate, BaCO3 (witherite). Benitoite is a rare gem containing barium.

once again
Guess that hits your theory that it isn't in nature down a peg.

It is never found in nature in its pure form due to its reactivity with air. Its oxide is historically known as baryta but it reacts with water and carbon dioxide and is not found as a mineral.
Take or leave it pal it quite simply states here that it does not occur in nature
 

FUBAR

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Barium (pronounced /ˈbɛəriəm/) is a chemical element. It has the symbol Ba, and atomic number 56. Barium is a soft silvery metallic alkaline earth metal. It is never found in nature in its pure form due to its reactivity with air. Its oxide is historically known as baryta but it reacts with water and carbon dioxide and is not found as a mineral. The most common naturally occurring minerals are the very insoluble barium sulfate, BaSO4 (barite), and barium carbonate, BaCO3 (witherite). Benitoite is a rare gem containing barium.

once again

Take or leave it pal it quite simply states here that it does not occur in nature

Ok bub, I'll leave it. You really should make up your mind though, will we all be taken by chemical poisoning or by rapture?
You in the rapture thread..
Then we find that as the years pass by less and less people believe in god and the world becomes god less this is exactly what has been fortold will happen ,and half of the people here,all want proof of god before they believe in a god , yet the bible as we know it has been proved time and time again to be true ,things written then 2000 years ago are now being shown to have occurd ,many of the people here who deny there is a god do so because that would mean they would have to become responsible ,and reading half of the comments made i can see that they are the opposite, and are irresponsible, as written in the bible no proof shall be given other then the miracle of Jonas,i think the days of the rapture are getting significantly closer as the building of the third temple proves,the world has become less believing in god unlike before where people would attend church more pray before meals be observant of there actions towards others , all these things are now forgotten, and people would rather worship moneys(baal or Moleck) and rather then celebrating Christ mass tend to worship the presents that they receive , they also love to blame god for things which are born of Satan such as sin .!!!
Quandry is a just description of you, your opinions are formed from what you read last no matter what. I think I'll join colpy in isolation, it's safer and certainly more sane......
 

quandary121

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Ok bub, I'll leave it. You really should make up your mind though, will we all be taken by chemical poisoning or by rapture?
You in the rapture thread..
Quandry is a just description of you, your opinions are formed from what you read last no matter what. I think I'll join colpy in isolation, it's safer and certainly more sane......

What ever m8 i really don't care whether you believe me or not, you obviously have some unresolved issues and im not concerned with finding out what they are, i hope you and colpy will be happy in your ignorance of the facts ive shown like It is never found in nature in its pure form

it's safer and certainly more sane
to live in ignorance you mean and denial
 

darkbeaver

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Indeed? I'll await that with interest, but I'm pretty sure I already know what it'll consist of, I've seen some critiques of it and they consist mostly of the logical fallacies Carroll discusses. Perhaps I should have been more specific: they have excellent reputations among people who know how to think clearly. A mere critique isn't going to do it though. Unless you can prove Robert Carroll and Cecil Adams are paid to BS for the bankers, that's a serious libel worthy of a paranoid conspiracy theorist.

Oh, clear thinking, of course how could I have missed that? When in the course of exercising clear thought we arrive at agreement with the official government explanation for the destruction of the WTC buildings it casts doubts among those of us not blessed with such transparently clear thinking, they suffer from mental deficiencys and aberations of the mind, they are victims to legions of trickery and falsehoods. There's more than meets the eye in every storm.

Thanks for the link Dex. The site has a very paternalistic overbearing style, they belittle those who question convention, that's a common enough trait of the entrenched hierarchy, even the PCT label has been used in various forms for ever to inhibit inquirery and heap ridicule on those who do not necessarily warrent it. They are professionals Dex of the same order as Mythbusters, mass produced drival in support of the status-quo. You should do your own thinking and not rely on artfull liars.
 
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quandary121

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cloud types often depend upon the terrain. For instance, lenticular clouds are more common in mountainous areas

lenticular clouds







chemtrails

http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=JLTDw34E9Xw






hermanntrude you maybe right about the video there are others more prolific then that if you look, chemtrails exist regardless of cloud formations and there not clouds the above photo is NOT lenticular clouds.?
 

quandary121

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Danger In The Sky - The Chemtrail Phenomenon

Danger In The Sky - The Chemtrail Phenomenon

The largest coordinated global engineering project in the history of our species. People across the world are noticing planes crossing back and forth in the sky leaving in their wake a trail of vapor that does not evaporate. These are not your normal commercial airlines following a preordained path from city to city. The mysterious unmarked planes leave smoke-like trails behind them that spread until by the afternoon they have blossomed and grown until the skies have become overcast. Officials from the Air Traffic Control the EPA and the Air Force will not respond to questions regarding this phenomenon.

http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=UdtLTyNOB0A
 

quandary121

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MORGELLONS:
AGENTS OF INFECTION
Clifford E Carnicom
Jan 01 2008
Several important papers have recently been published that demonstrate the potential for a public health crisis. There is a need, which has been called for, to immediately identify at least two structural forms which have been repeatedly observed and reported on. These forms are crossing airborne and biological lines and they have now been observed in airborne, skin, dental and blood samples.
I am not aware of any public or professional comment or dialogue on the reports that have been filed in recent weeks, or of any response to the originating August 2006 paper entitled Morgellons : First Observations.
I have not been contacted by the Centers for Disease Control for any specifics on the reports. I have not been contacted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for additional information, even though one of the samples under investigation is the very same airborne sample that they refused to identify several years ago. These agencies have failed in serving the public welfare for many years now. No public or private health official or professional, to my knowledge, has provided any signficant feedback on the many questions that have been raised with the similarity of these samples. The ruse of foisting an assessment of "delusion" in direct contradiction to physical sampling has run its course and is no longer operable. The situation remains completely and totally inexcusable at all levels, public and private.
As a consequence, I am forced to attempt identification as best as is possible with the limited resources that I have. This is an incomplete process and it is unlikely to ever be resolved with these limitations. I will provide what I can to date; research continues as time provides. The public will eventually be required to force the call to completion.
I am not offering any medical position, advice or diagnosis in the presentation of this information, nor will I. I have no medical expertise and I claim none. I will provide observations, analysis and assessment from the standpoint of an independent researcher to the most capable fashion that I can. The appeal for public and professional involvement remains standing as it has for many years now.
There are those that claim exotic technologies (nanotechnology, artificial intelligence, etc.) are at work in the Morgellon's issue. This may very well be true and is not unexpected in any way. However, there are some basic matters that need to be attended to. With the observations and analysis that have surfaced from this researcher of late, there is a hierachy of investigation that needs to be pursued. It is:

1 Conventional scientific expertise should be applied to the problem of identification of these two forms. This includes, but is not limited to, the professions of biology, microbiology, chemistry, pathology, health and medicine.
2. Modified or unconventional biological forms or interaction are then reasonable to consider.
3. Artificial, exotic and unfamiliar technologies could be explored for any relationship to unexplainable events or circumstances.
Each of these must be dealt with in due order. If any individual is going to jump to number three on this list, they are going to have offer the proof in a visible, direct or comprehensive manner; even nanotechnology is quite visible with the right equipment and will require demonstration if it is involved. It will also need to be explained how numbers one and two have failed in the consideration. It is not wise to concentrate on what we cannot see or do not have access to until we have dealt with what we can see and what we do have access to. In addition, the profit motive must be excluded from the pusuit of truth on this matter.
As such, I will commence with item one of this list and I shall exhaust it to the maximum degree possible before moving on. It would seem to me that there is already "plenty of explaining" to do on level one with the information that is currently available through direct observation alone.
Now for more specifics. There are two forms that require immediate identification as to their physical nature, function and purpose. The first of these is a sub-micron repeating filament that is enclosed within a larger bounding filament. The sub-micron filaments can only be seen with fairly advanced microscopy; the bounding filament is visible to the naked eye in many cases. The second form is a circular, spherical or oblate structure that also is measuring at the micron to sub-micron level. The best estimate for the size of this structure is currently on the order of 0.5 to 0.7 microns. Size, as will be seen, is a very important factor in any identification process. If and when level one has been applied to identify these structural forms and when it has convincingly failed it will be appropriate to advance to levels two and three.
A few general principles will he helpful to set the stage for the discussion to follow:
Agents of infectious disease can include the following floral forms: bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites, prions, rickettsiae, and chlamydiae1 . These will each be examined individually with respect to the two structural forms. The discussion will eventually focus on the blood samples, as they are becoming especially problematic to explain or account for. The blood itself is generally to be regarded as a "sterile environment"2, and pathogens of any kind in the blood are not to be expected and represent a very serious health concern. No non-pathogenic forms of the flora listed above are to be found in the blood.3 Therefore, if we do find any of the forms above in the blood, they are to regarded as pathogenic and consequently of serious health concern.
Let us begin with the filament form, as the discussion is more limited based upon what can be observed with available equipment. What is known is this: The visible form is that of a "bounding filament". The diameter of the bounding filament generally ranges from 20-40 microns in thickness. The bounding filament hasbeen identified in the airbone, skin and dental samples; it has not been demonstrated absolutely within the blood samples. A filamentous form has been observed in the blood sample from the Morgellon's individual (Blood Testing, Laser, Morgellons & Fungus(?)), but only to a general level and not at the magnification level that will eventually be required. Within the airborne, dental and skin fiber samples, a distinguishing feature is an "internal network" of filaments that are sub-micron in diameter. The best measurement attained thus far is on the order of 0.7 microns(a human hair is approximately 60-100 microns thick).
A first approach is to ask whether or not the bounding or the primary filament forms can conceivably be any of the floral forms listed above. If not, we can reasonably elevate the investigation to stage two of the hierarchy. We can likely eliminate viruses in this consideration because they are not generally visible with the available equipment. Viruses are generally on the order of .01 to .10 microns; and this is beneath the range of current consideration. The largest virus identified, Mimivirus virion, measures 0.4 microns; and although this is in range of the the equipment available, there is structually no similiarity.4 The size of the bounding filament realistically further eliminates the virus consideration; we will eventually have to consider the joint existence of the bounding filament as well as the internal filament network during the identification process.

Parasites are of eukaryotic and of worm form. The size criteria alone is generally going to eliminate any know parasitic forms. Eukaryotic forms, such as protozoa, are on the order of 10 microns to 100 microns in size. If we were dealing with the bounding filament from alone, we might morel seriously examine known parasitic forms. However, the internal sub-micron filament network excludes the eukaryotic cell forms based upon size alone. In addition, there has yet to be any identification of internal cell organelles or structure characteristic of eukaryotic form. At this point, we can therefore not attach any known parasitic identity to the bounding-internal network filamentous form.
 

quandary121

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MORGELLONS:
MORPHOLOGY CONFIRMED
Clifford E Carnicom
Nov 15 2007

A second subject has presented samples and symptoms of the Morgellons condition to me for observation. The results of this work completely and absolutely confirm the internal morphology of at least one form of the fibers that are commonly associated with it. There are important additional discoveries that establish the urgency of discovering the true nature of this condition. The progress to date remains totally unsatisfactory as this condition represents a public health hazard that has been deliberately unaddressed and undisclosed. The quest for the nature of this condition does not belong in the hands of any single individual, citizen, advocate or health professional; the consequences are far too widespread for that limitation. This is a public issue and must ultimately be addressed as such. The condition may be much more widespread than is commonly understood and there is evidence accumulating to that end. Gratitude is extended to those that have presented numerous important research advances on Morgellons, particularly the laboratory analyses from Dr. Hildegard Staninger. There are other deserving contributors to the current state of knowledge. Unfortunately, the implications of this condition require a more broad-based public and professional medical involvement. It is a fact that government institutions and agencies that are chartered to serve the public interest continue to fail us at a tragic level; the public will eventually be required to take ownership of issues such as this to reach the solutions that are required.
Readers are requested to review the paper entitled Morgellons : First Observations of August 2006 on this site to establish the precedent for the following report. It is the opinion of this researcher that certain discoveries were presented to the public at that time that demanded immediate attention. This researcher does not have the facilities, resources or expertise to make the analyses that have been required for more than one year since the initial disclosures. What I can offer is observational analysis that points to certain needs that must be met if anyone wishes to understand the dynamics of this condition and how it may ultimately affect the public health - almost certainly at the global level. In the absence of additional samples, I have been able to offer no further progress on this issue until now. The need for the understanding of the information in this report is paramount.
One has to ask, exactly what progress has been made on answering certain basic questions since that initial report was filed in August of 2006? Does the condition remain in existence and is the distribution increasing? What is the morphology of the condition and how is it positively identified beyond that of chemical analysis? What is the growth cycle? What exactly are the structures that have previously been observed, measured and described? What is the function of these structures? Are we dealing with biological or artificial forms, or both? What are the biological interactions that are taking place? What observations and analyses have taken place and where are these observations documented? What information does the public have, in a venue that serves the public interest, on methods of mitigation, control or remedy of the condition? What relationship, if any, exists between the fibrous structures that emerge from the body and the sub-micron airborne fibers that have been reported environmentally for several years? The refusal of the Environmental Protection Agency to identify those original samples several years ago continues to haunt us with the current deficiencies; there is increasing evidence of similarity in both form and chemical composition.
The remainder of this paper presents a series of photographs that, once again, portray the reality of this unfortunate condition. The photographs will show a progression from a normal view to a final magnification of approximately 2500x. Normal visible light microscopy has an upper limit of roughly 1000x to 2000x; modified modest digital equipment has been developed to provide these images. Several different fibers from the same subject were examined in the writing of this report.
It is only at the highest magnification available that the true nature of this condition even begins to emerge. Attention will be called again to meet some immediate requirements for identification and further examination. It is inexcusable to allow this information to lanquish for another year without more dramatic progress and involvement of medical professionals. Those so-called professionals that continue to categorize this reality as "delusional" are a tremendous disservice to the public welfare, and they are not deserving of any further discussion. The time is already late to get on with the job that needs to be done. It is to be mentioned that at least three other individuals have recently contacted me that show or claim identical physical symptoms; none of these individuals had contact with one another and I did not seek out their inquiries. I have no medical expertise and I claim none. I am offering a series of observations that demonstrate the urgent need to protect the public health and welfare, and it is my hope that you will act upon it.



Back of the female subject. Age 59 years.
The mottling of the skin results from scores to hundreds
of previous open sores over a period of several years.
Several open sores remain visible under the current state.
The subject has endured tremendous and prolonged pain from the condition.

Closer view of the mottled skin surface and open sores
characteristic of the Morgellons condition.

Isolated view of current open and active skin sore on the back of the subject.

Typical extraction form from a skin surface sore. 10x magnification.
The protrusion extends into the skin and is extremely painful to remove.
Notice the fibers are visible at this stage and originate from several locations.
Larger segment of scab material exists at the skin surface.

The extraction at a magnifcation of 60x.
Notice the numerous embedded fibers that are now visible.
Any similarity to a hair fiber is lost at this point of observation.


Top lit view of the extraction at a magnifcation of 60x.
Numerous embedded fibers are visible.


One fiber sample at a magnifcation of 750x.
Notice the internal structure of the fiber that begins to appear at this point.
This internal structure is the beginning of what requires further physical examination.
Only generalized information remains available at this point,
as we approach the upper limit of conventional visible microscopy.
Width of this fiber sample is approxmately 40 microns.
(Human hair is approximately 60-100 microns and of smooth structure).


Magnification is now at approximately 2500x, approximately twice that achievable with conventional microscopy It is at this point that an important discovery takes place, and this is that the single fiber is actually composed of innummerable sub-fibers (circular enclosure). These sub-fibers measure at 1 micron or less in thickness.

Similarity of form with the airborne fiber samples must now be considered, as an identical finding occurs with that previous research. In both cases, what appears at modest magnification to be a single fiber is actually composed of essentially an infinite network of sub-fibers at the micron or sub-micron level. It is at this point that a nano-technology origin can justifiably be considered. This presentation remains dependent and limited by the available microscopic equipment.
The sub-fibers must be analyzed in detail and the reports provided. Observation and analysis of sub-micron fibers external to host and subjected to various stimuli (e.g, electromagnetic, chemical) is required. Observations of the sub-micron fibers under live host conditions and appropriate stimuli is required.



A second potentially important discovery takes place under adequate magnifcation (2500x). This is the repeated occurrence of an entity, approximately spherical in shape (circular enclosure), that also measures at 1 micron or less in diameter. Please refer to the earlier paper in August 2006 for this original disclosure. They are a dominant component of the internal structure and they are not visible except under adequate magnification. These structures must be identified as to their nature, compostion and function.



A third discovery is also being repeated here (ref Aug 2006). This also is of great potential significance and has strong biological implications. We note again that we have the existence of a "budding" structure. All appearances are that this a growth, extension or regeneration mechanism. It is premature at this point to establish that there is not a biological process taking place within these fibers. All indications are that there is indeed a biological component to the fibers themselves, regardless of any association with any apparent inert forms. One highly credentialed chemist has observed this particular photograph prior to publication, and a suggestion of fungal hyphae has been offered for consideration. Additional information, when and if it becomes available, will be published on this report.
We notice also, in this case, that the budding development appears to encapsulate sub-micron structures (arrow) in a ringed fashion. The nature, composition and purpose of these sub-micron structures must be correlated to those mentioned in the above photograph. These budding structures occur or are visible on the edge of the fibers in all cases reported thus far, and they do appear to be a branching or "growth" mechanism of some sort. Embedded fibers of the same sub-micron size co-exist with the sub-micron structures within the "budding" form. Magnification 2500x.The budding structures must be identified as to their nature, composition and function. They represent a potentially significant advance in the understanding of the "growth" and development of the Morgellons condition. Fungal forms are at least one consideration in this pursuit.


The internal sub-micron fiber network is apparent within this
photograph at a magnification of 2500x. (Circular enclosure)

Another "budding" structure identified. Several of these are usually found on any one fiber.
Only visible under adequate magnification (2500x).
Note again the sub-micron structures within the bud (arrows)
and the sub-micron fiber network (circular enclosure) within the main fiber.
The budding structures must be identified
as to their nature, composition and function.


An additional remarkable "budding" structure of rather high geometric form.
Notice repetition of internal structures at the micron to sub-micron level (arrow).
Magnification 2500x.
The budding structures must be identified as to their nature, composition and function.


An important advance in microscopy technique is incorporated within this photograph. Magnification 2500x. Additional research on this method will be presented at a later date. This microphotograph shows the fibrous sample subjected to laser light in addition to conventional bottom-up stage lighting. In this case, the red laser is used in a top-lighting mode. The use of complementary laser lighting can be shown to reveal significant detail beyond that of conventional visible lighting. The sub-micron structure and network becomes immediately apparent with this modification technique (circular enclosure).


DO NOT USE THIS METHOD IN ANY WAY WITH DIRECT EYE OBSERVATION OR MIRRORS. LASER LIGHT IS A SIGNIFICANT EYE HAZARD. THIS METHOD IS SUITABLE FOR EXTERNAL DIGITAL OBSERVATION TECHNIQUES ONLY.

Summary:
Attention has been called to the salient points of observation and need. My personal opinions on the failure of governmental and health organizations on this issue have been noted. The need for parallel examination in detail on the airborne fibrous samples refused by the EPA has been stated. There is no suitable excuse or rationale for inaction on the discoveries that have been disclosed. My ability and time to conduct research of this nature remains limited. My appeal to the professional community to serve the public welfare has been reaffirmed. It is quite expected that more capable resources will provide discovery beyond what can be accomplished here. The Morgellon's condition is a public health concern and issue, and it is that interest that must be served. Those that have suffered, are suffering, and those that will suffer are entitled to be treated with dignity, compassion and respect. We must all act unselfishly to diminish and alleviate this pain, suffering and ill health that we are now subject to. Infinite appreciation is extended to the person that has graciously provided for the observations that are the substance of this report.
Notes:
This paper is subject to future revision. Additional research has been completed and it will be presented as time and circumstances permit.
Clifford E Carnicom
Nov 15 2007
 

quandary121

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MORTALITY REQUIRES EXAMINATION
Clifford E Carnicom
Mar 22 2004
Edited Jan 16 2006
The following information has been provided by a citizen as a basis for further inquiry and examination:
"Dear Clifford,

I have been very curious as to whether or not the chemtrails have increased the death rate. I found it very difficult to get any official figures to compare from different years so I decided to do an informal check using the classified death listing archives from my local newspaper.

I was shocked at what I found. These figures are truly alarming. I compared the number of death notices for the same two months (Jan and Feb) going back for approx ten years (to compare pre chemtrails years with chemtrails years). This is what I found:

Year
Death Notice Totals for Jan-Feb:
1995
191
1996
134
1997
105
1998
98
1999
144
2000
196
2001
1680
2002
1734
2003
1728
2004
2000
As you can see the totals for 2003 are almost 10 times higher than the totals for 1995. This seems way out of line and very alarming even taking into consideration an aging population. Perhaps there is another reason for these figures but I suspect it is a result of the chemtrails and what we are seeing may be the result of a deliberate depopulation campaign. These figures are from the San Francisco Chronicle death notice archives. For accuracy the actual newspaper archives should be doublechecked aginst the online archives because death notices that were originally listed in the newspaper are not necessarily included in the online archives. This is only done with the families permission.

Perhaps you could ask people in other communities to run this check to see what figures they come up with.
 

quandary121

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CONTRAIL
FORMATION MODEL
Clifford E Carnicom
Apr 12 2001
A preliminary model has now been developed which can be used to predict whether contrails will form or not under reported meteorological conditions at flight altitude. Analytical models for contrail prediction appear to be difficult to acquire publicly, and this model is therefore offered for investigative purposes. This is an original development that results from a variety of sources and methods, including unclassified aerographic manuals, meteorological theory, least squares analysis and regression analysis. It is to be interpreted as an empirical model, and it is subject to further refinement depending on the results that are obtained from its use.
The model offered is as follows:
c + (.02c - .41)t
RHmin =
_______________
(.003c - .14)

where c = e(151 - alt) / 19. 5
and t = temperature of the atmosphere at flight altitude in degrees centigrade
and alt = altitude of the jet aircraft in thousands of feet.
RHmin is the minimum relative humidity (with respect to water per conventional standard) that is required at flight altitude for contrails to form. The contrails referred to are those classically and conventionally defined as condensation trails, i.e., composed of water vapor. A standard atmospheric model is assumed within the development. The model is intended to be used only within the range of 30,000 to 40,000 ft. MSL. The model is quite sensitive to small changes in temperature, and consequently, any errors in temperature.
Commercial flight traffic usually ranges between 35 and 37 thousand feet MSL. A representative case may be considered, therefore, at approximately 36,000 ft. MSL. Standard temperature at 36,000 ft. MSL is approximately -53.5 deg. centigrade.
This model can and will now be evaluated with actual observations in an effort to test it for reliability. Citizens are welcome to submit their own observations for inclusion if they so desire. The value of this model is to identify those meterological conditions which are supportive of conventional contrail formation. Anomalous persistent contrails and subsequent "cloud" decks that result from frequent aerosol operations can also be examined in conjunction with this model.
Contrail formation/dissipation and cloud formation are to be recognized as two separate physical processes resulting from differing conditions and variables for each. It is important that any analysis of these two processes be appropriately and separately understood before any mutual connection is to be made.
A history of observations is available on the aerosol report page.
This model is in addition to that previously developed that predicts contrail dissipation times, as well as a model to predict the distance behind the engines that the contrail is expected to form.
The model presented will be modified, revised or further developed as circumstances require.
 

quandary121

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CONTRAIL PHYSICS
Clifford E Carnicom
September 17 2000
A preliminary model has been developed to estimate the length of time that is
required for a contrail to dissipate. It is assumed within this
discussion that the contrail is composed of water vapor (per
historical definition). The model developed agrees extremely well
with the historical behavior and observation of contrails. The model
is not intended to encompass all variables that may be in effect, but
it does model reasonably well the expected behavior of water at
flight altitudes. Any errors will be corrected if and as they are
brought to my attention. It will be noted that this model is not a
function of relative humidity, as no basis from thermodynamics
has yet been established for it's inclusion. Any model based upon
the premise of "mixing" as the primary mechanism for dissipation
requires quantification to receive consideration. Cloud formation and the
introduction of aerosol particles to assist in their formation is an
entirely different discussion which is to be examined separately.
The conclusions that result from the study of this model are several:

1. Contrails composed of water vapor routinely dissipate, as the physics and
chemistry of this model will demonstrate. As a separate and distinct
set of events, clouds may form if temperature, relative humidity, and
aerosol conditions are favorable to their development. If "contrails"
by appearance transform into "clouds", it can be concluded that the
material of composition is not water vapor.

2.The conditions under consideration show that the ice crystals
within a contrail can warm to the melting point and subsequently melt
with the heat provided by solar radiation.

3. As demonstrated both by historical observation and this model, the
time expected for contrail dissipation is relatively short, e.g., 2
minutes or less. This assumes the contrail is composed essentially
of water vapor, per the classic definition (condensed trail).

4. The rate of contrail dissipation is highly dependent upon the
the size of the ice crystal particles and the amount of solar radiation.
Dependence upon relative humidity is not evident. 'Cloud'
formation from aircraft, should it occur, is dependent primarily upon
the temperature, the relative humidity, and the type and size of
aerosol particles(nuclei) that are introduced.

The basic form of the contrail dissipation model, based upon the
chemistry, mathematics and physics of thermodynamics is as follows:

time for dissipation = (mass of water crystal * (Q + heat of fusion))
/ power

where Q is the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of
a substance (ice).

or

t(sec) = (m (kg) * Ht(kj/kg)) / P(watts)

where t is the time required for contrail
dissipation(transformation), in seconds, m is the mass of the ice
crystal in kilograms, Ht is the heat of transformation of ice in
kilojoules per kilogram, and P is the power applied to the system in
watts.

Calculating the internal energy, or enthalpy, of water vapor often
involves several phase changes, as water varies between solid, liquid
and vapor under varying conditions of temperature and pressure. In
the case of a contrail composed of water vapor, the heat of
transformation will consist of two phases. The first is the amount
of heat required to raise the temperature of the ice crystal at a
sub-zero temperature to 0 deg. C., which will be designated as Q in
the present case. The second segment of heat required will be that
which melts the ice crystal to a liquid form. The primary processes
involved in contrail formation therefore appear to involve:


1. The emission of water vapor from the aircraft.
2. The freezing of the water vapor at sub-zero temperatures into ice
crystals.
3. The warming of the ice crystals to the melting point through solar
radiation.
4. The melting of the ice crystal with solar radiation to where the
water vapor once again no longer is visible. This returns the water
to the state from which it was emitted from the engine.

Let us now quantify the components of this model with elements that
are typical or representative of the conditions of contrail
formation:

Mass:

Assume that we have a cubed particle size (nucleated ice crystal) of
dimension d on a side, measured in microns(designate as u). Given
also that the density of ice is .917gm/cm3, the mass of the particle
is:

mass=(d(u) * (1E-6m/u))^3 * (1E6cm3/m3) * (.917gm/cm3) * (1E-3kg/cm3)

or

mass = (d^3 * 9.17E-16 cm3 gm kg m3) / ( m3 cm3 gm)


Q + Heat of Fusion:

Q is equal to the amount of heat required to increase the temperature
of the ice crystal from the ambient temperature to 0 deg. C. The
specific heat of ice is given as 4.21 kJ/(kg C) at 0 deg. C. The
specific heat varies only slightly with respect to temperature and
pressure, and this value will therefore be used. J refers to joules
of energy.

The heat of fusion of ice is 335kJ/kg. It requires this amount of
energy to melt ice.

Therefore, the amount of heat required to transform the ice crystal
is:

dQ + heat of fusion = 4.21 kJ/(kg C) * dT + 355kJ/kg

where dQ is the amount of heat entering the ice crystal, the heat of
fusion is the amount of heat required to melt the ice crystal, and dT
is the temperature change from the ambient air to 0 deg. in Celsius.

The model now becomes:

t(sec) = (d^3 * (9.17E-16)cm^3 gm kg m^3 * ((((4.21kJ/kg)*dT)/(kg C))
+ 355kj/kg)) / P * (m^3 cm^3 gm)

Power (P):

The energy of solar radiation is given in terms of watts/ square
meter. Representative values measured range approximaely from 200 to
700 watts/m^3. To arrive at the power applied to the ice crystal, we
will take the surface area of the crystal exposed perpendicularly to
the sunlight, and apply the solar radiation to it. The solar
radiation will be applied on a continuous basis to the surface area
until melting is complete.

Power absorbed = d^2 * (watts/m^2) * (1E-6m/u)^2

and since 1 watt = 1 joule/sec

Power absorbed = d^2 * (J/(m^2 s) * (1E-12) m^2/u^2

The model now becomes:

t(sec) = (d(u)^3 * (9.17E-16) cm3 gm kg m^3 * ((4.21kJ/kg * dT kJ/kg
C) + (335kj/kg))) / (d(u)^2 * (J/(m^2 s) * (1E-12) m^2 / u^2)

Simplifying:

t(sec) = ((d(u) * (9.17E-13) * (4.21dT + 335) J cm^3 gm kg m^3 s
m^2) / (Watts * 1E-12 J m^2 m^3 cm^3 gm kg)

or t(sec) = (d(u) * (9.17E-13) * (4.21dT + 335)) sec / (Watts *
1E-12)

or t(sec) = (d(u) * .917 * (-4.21T + 335)) / Watts/m2

where d is measured in microns, T is the air temperature where the
contrail forms, measured in Celsius, and solar radiation is in watts
per square meter.

Representative cases and the application of this model will now be
considered. Research indicates that the expected size of particles
emitted from aircraft ranges between 30 and 200 microns (Goethe MB -
Ground Based Passive Remote Sensing of Ice Clouds with Scattered
Solar Radiation in the Near Infrared - Max Planck Inst Meteorol).
The temperature of the air at flight altitudes commonly approaches
-50 deg. C. Solar radiation commonly ranges between 400 and 700
watts per square meter.

In the tables presented, d is the dimension of the ice crystal along
one side of the cube, T is the temperature of the ambient air where
the contrail forms (.e.g, 35000ft. MSL), and P is the solar radiation
in Watts/sq. m. t is the length of time that it requires for the
contrail, or ice crystal to dissipate (i.e., transform from ice to
water vapor).

d(microns) T(deg. C.) P(watts/sq. m) t(sec)

1 -50 600 1
10 -50 600 8
30 -50 600 25
50 -50 600 42
100 -50 600 83

1 -40 400 1
10 -40 400 12
30 -40 400 35
50 -40 400 58
100 -40 400 115

1 -30 700 1
10 -30 700 6
30 -30 700 18
50 -30 700 33
100 -30 700 60

This model covers the expected size range of any particles expected
to be emitted by aircraft; most airborne particles range between
0-100 microns. It is of interest that the particle sizes considered
in this model are generally considered to be too large to serve as
cloud condensation nuclei; the average expected size of cloud
condensation nuclei is extremely small, and on the order of .1 to .2
microns. A 10 micron particle is considered extremely large with
respect to cloud condensation nuclei. This size distinction, when
coupled with the results of the model above, further indicate the
need to consider cloud formation as a separate and distinct physical
process from that of contrail dissipation. That analysis would
necessarily consider the significant role that aerosol particles,
deliberately or otherwise introduced, would have on the cloud
nucleation and formation process.

As can be seen, the results of this model agree extremely well with
the observed properties of contrails over their historical existence.
This work is based upon the physical processes, chemistry and
mathematics of thermodynamics with respect to water and the various
phase states. Consideration has also been given to the phenomenon of
sublimation, and it has been found to be not applicable due to the
extremely low atmospheric pressure requirements for sublimation to
occur(P<.006atm). The greatest variation within this model is seen
to relate to particle size. It is seen that the contrails composed
of the smaller particles dissipate within 30 seconds or less, and
that the contrails composed of even relatively large particles are
expected to dissipate within a couple of minutes at most.

If the dissipation of an observed contrail does not conform to the
model above, and the corresponding physics and chemistry and math of
same, then the logical conclusion that can be drawn is that the
material of emission is not likely to be water vapor. As mentioned earlier, the
physics of cloud formation are an entirely separate process, and are
highly dependent upon temperature, relative humidity, aerosol type
and the size of aerosol particles that are introduced. Any
alterations in the formation of cloud processes as they have been
repeatedly observed and recorded must necessarily consider the impact
of these aerosols, identified and unidentified, within the analysis.
Prior attention given to microscopic hydrated salts remains a
priority in this research.

Clifford E Carnicom
September 16 2000
Authored at Lake Heron, NM
 

quandary121

Time Out
Apr 20, 2008
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Furthermore, the recent proclamation issued on April 20 2001 by a Walter M. Washabaugh, Colonel, USAF, Chief, Congressional Inquiry Division, Office of Legislative Liason that "The term "chemtrail" is a hoax that began circulating approximately three years ago..." and that "The 'chemtrail' hoax has been investigated and refuted by many established and accredited universities, scientific organizations and major media publications." is also entitled to an eventual reckoning with its author.
Readers may also wish to become familiar with the recently (belatedly?) released 1999 U.S. mortality statistics, which show an increase in chronic lower respiratory deaths. The category of "chronic lower respiratory disease" now ranks as one of the five leading causes of death within the United States.
All data under examination, including federal sources, now requires corroboration and independent verification to assure its validity