I did look it up, it said you are the retard, lighter material floats on denser material even if it is hotter.
Planet Earth: A Question Of Expansion
- Thread starter MHz
- Start date
It's no use talking to him, and calling him a retard is denigrating to actual retards...
Have you also noticed that most of his post he seems to be talking to himself?
you will see 3 or 4 posts in a row with his name...
He also seems to be stuck on the world "collective" because his collective is all the voices in his head.
He's had a one track mind for years with his obsession with Jews!
Last edited:
That collision sequence was witnessed by mankind. I would be very scepticle about the proported ages given by modern geologists and science in general concerning the enormously inflated ages of this that and everything in the universe in support of evolution. They are demonstratably wrong. This present configuration of this solar system is perhaps six thousand years old but surely not ten thousand and any insistance of age in the order of billions of years are simply insane guesswork.
Nov 4, 2015
Immanuel Velikovsky was a man who still causes incredible controversy.
In the 1950s, Immanuel Velikovsky wrote a book called, “Worlds in Collision”, which, as its main theme, illuminated cataclysmic destruction on Earth by planets and comets in the Solar System. He believed mythology and legend should be interpreted literally.
This literal interpretation included the malignant forces attributed to Baal/Jupiter, father of the gods. He earned the wrath of the scientific world, yet most of his predictions made in 1960 were proved correct by NASA. For example, Jupiter emits radio waves and is an electromagnetic body. He also predicted that the surface of Venus was 800 degrees centigrade, and is completely unlike Earth. He claimed the Solar System is unstable, since both the Moon and Mars appear to have been ravaged by celestial forces attributed to planetary bodies. As part of his theory, he thought that Venus was once a comet expelled from Jupiter.
Immanuel Velikovsky sought proof of the unstable Solar System from many sources, since his discovery that mythology had bones of truth! Hesiod the ancient Greek philosopher portrayed this in his book, Theogony where, for instance, he cites Venus being ejected from Jupiter. Homer in his book The Illiad describes the destructive war between planets as the major factor governing the destruction of Troy in the Trojan wars. Immanuel Velikovsky in Worlds in Collision proposed that many myths and traditions of ancient peoples and cultures are based on actual events: worldwide global catastrophes of a celestial origin actually had profound effects on the lives, beliefs and writings of early mankind.
Professor Emilio Spendicato recently commented:
“Worlds in Collision is a book of wars in the celestial sphere that took place in historical times. In these wars the planet Earth participated too. The historical-cosmological story of this book is based on the evidence of historical texts of many people around the globe, on classical literature, on epics of the northern races, on sacred books of the peoples of the Orient and Occident, on traditions and folklore of primitive peoples, on old astronomical inscriptions and charts, on archaeological finds, and also on geological and paleontological material.”
After reaching the number one spot in the best-sellers list, Velikovsky’s “Worlds in Collision” was banned from a number of academic institutions, and created an unprecedented scientific debacle that became known as “The Velikovsky Affair”. In 1956 Velikovsky wrote a sequel, “Earth in Upheaval”, which presented conclusive geological evidence of terrestrial catastrophism.
“I have excluded from [these pages] all references to ancient literature, traditions, and folklore; and this I have done with intent, so that careless critics cannot decry the entire work as ‘tales and legends’. Stones and bones are the only witness.”
However, for forty years these highly controversial theories remained anathema to the academic world. Then, in June 1994, an event occurred that radically changed scientific thought and gave credibility to Velikovsky’s theories. Myth and legend, once dismissed, had to be re-examined. What was this catastrophic event?
A rogue comet, Shoemaker-Levy 9, approached Jupiter. Observers on Earth soon realized that it was on a collision course. But what happened next was totally unexpected. Without warning it split into twenty three large pieces. One-by-one those pieces plummeted into Jupiter, the largest planet in the Solar System. It tore huge craters into this massive planet; the size of each crater was four times the size of Earth. The craters persisted for months afterwards on the unstable surface of Jupiter. Simultaneously, a gaseous cloud was released that went on to envelope the surface of the planet. This toxic cloud also persisted for months.
For the first time, modern man had witnessed a comet collide with a planet! What was thought to be stable Solar System, was now a place where the unexpected could happen. Could this have occurred on Earth? Had mankind actually witnessed such an event? Could it happen to Earth in the future? No one could now deny any of these possibilities. Perhaps Baal, alias Jupiter and other planets have had dramatic effects on Earth. The proof is not final, but no longer is it a wild heretical theory based on fantasy. Velikovsky could be taken seriously.
Let’s talk with physicist Wal Thornhill regarding Immanuel Velikovsky and the development of the Electric Universe.
Peter Mungo Jupp: As a plasma physicist what is your view on Velikovsky’s books.
Wal Thornhill: I think he nailed some important truths. Certainly I think he nailed the planets as the cause of cataclysmic events on Earth. But as importantly he perceived the truth of the electrical universe which touches on all parts of the Solar System down to mankind’s history and evolution. Modern research is now revealing the dramatic electronic connection between volcanoes, Earthquakes, the weather and the sun. This research at the plasma level offers a tool to understanding those calamities that devastated mankind in his early history.
Peter Mungo Jupp: So, do we have evidence of electric discharges between Earth and other planets or comets? If we do, were they connected to massive Earthquake damage and electrical resculporting of the Earth?
Wal Thornhill: What happens on Earth today is but a tame shadow of mankind’s earlier history. The evidence suggests that only a few thousand years ago planets moved close to Earth, producing electrical phenomena of intense beauty and terror. Ancient sky worshippers witnessed these celestial wonders and far-flung cultures recorded the events in great myths, symbols and ritual practices of antiquity. I think they witnessed celestial bodies immersed in the charged particles of the Solar System’s dense plasma. These bodies, including Earth, spoke electrically to each other and produced heaven spanning electrical discharges. These planets were the gods. Mankind at once feared and worshipped them. During chaotic restructuring of the Solar System cosmic lightning evolved violently from one discharge configuration to another. They followed patterns observed in high energy plasma experiments. These electric phenomena have also been recently observed in deep space.
Peter Mungo Jupp: Wal, you say mankind witnessed these cosmic displays. What evidence do we have for that?
Wal Thornhill: Throughout the world our early ancestors carved pictures of these electric formations upon rocks. They bear a close similarity to each other whether from the Americas, Australia, Europe or Asia. In their myths they called them, “Thunderbolts of the gods”. More incredibly, they bear a remarkable resemblance to plasma discharges produced in laboratories or on super computer modelling.
Peter Mungo Jupp: This seems to fly in the face of conventional interpretations of mythology. Why the resistance to these ideas?
Wal Thornhill: I think for two reasons. Firstly, the idea of a Solar System that is electrically driven flies directly in the face of conventional cosmology. This is firmly bound up in a gravitational model even though NASA, day by day reveals facts that cannot be explained by gravity alone. Cosmology is the “Queen of the Sciences”, yet electrical theory and plasma science is rarely touched on by its disciples. Physicists and electronic scientists are familiar with the force of electricity which is a billion, billion, billion times stronger than gravity. Cosmologists need to radically rethink their gravitational bias. Secondly, I believe the doctrine of uniformitarianism is universally preached in many of the scientific disciplines. That is, by and large, nothing has occurred on Earth that doesn’t occur today. Slow gradual change is the rule. In particular, this dogma holds that the Solar System has been stable for millions of years and has barely changed. I believe this is totally incorrect. A mere look at the changing universe as NASA witnesses it today makes us aware that the stars are continually evolving and responding to an electrical universe.
Peter Mungo Jupp: So much of Mythology and the ancient destructions start to make sense when we interpret them with the aid of the Electrical Universe model.
Peter Mungo Jupp
Immanuel Velikovsky was a man who still causes incredible controversy.
In the 1950s, Immanuel Velikovsky wrote a book called, “Worlds in Collision”, which, as its main theme, illuminated cataclysmic destruction on Earth by planets and comets in the Solar System. He believed mythology and legend should be interpreted literally.
This literal interpretation included the malignant forces attributed to Baal/Jupiter, father of the gods. He earned the wrath of the scientific world, yet most of his predictions made in 1960 were proved correct by NASA. For example, Jupiter emits radio waves and is an electromagnetic body. He also predicted that the surface of Venus was 800 degrees centigrade, and is completely unlike Earth. He claimed the Solar System is unstable, since both the Moon and Mars appear to have been ravaged by celestial forces attributed to planetary bodies. As part of his theory, he thought that Venus was once a comet expelled from Jupiter.
Immanuel Velikovsky sought proof of the unstable Solar System from many sources, since his discovery that mythology had bones of truth! Hesiod the ancient Greek philosopher portrayed this in his book, Theogony where, for instance, he cites Venus being ejected from Jupiter. Homer in his book The Illiad describes the destructive war between planets as the major factor governing the destruction of Troy in the Trojan wars. Immanuel Velikovsky in Worlds in Collision proposed that many myths and traditions of ancient peoples and cultures are based on actual events: worldwide global catastrophes of a celestial origin actually had profound effects on the lives, beliefs and writings of early mankind.
Professor Emilio Spendicato recently commented:
“Worlds in Collision is a book of wars in the celestial sphere that took place in historical times. In these wars the planet Earth participated too. The historical-cosmological story of this book is based on the evidence of historical texts of many people around the globe, on classical literature, on epics of the northern races, on sacred books of the peoples of the Orient and Occident, on traditions and folklore of primitive peoples, on old astronomical inscriptions and charts, on archaeological finds, and also on geological and paleontological material.”
After reaching the number one spot in the best-sellers list, Velikovsky’s “Worlds in Collision” was banned from a number of academic institutions, and created an unprecedented scientific debacle that became known as “The Velikovsky Affair”. In 1956 Velikovsky wrote a sequel, “Earth in Upheaval”, which presented conclusive geological evidence of terrestrial catastrophism.
“I have excluded from [these pages] all references to ancient literature, traditions, and folklore; and this I have done with intent, so that careless critics cannot decry the entire work as ‘tales and legends’. Stones and bones are the only witness.”
However, for forty years these highly controversial theories remained anathema to the academic world. Then, in June 1994, an event occurred that radically changed scientific thought and gave credibility to Velikovsky’s theories. Myth and legend, once dismissed, had to be re-examined. What was this catastrophic event?
A rogue comet, Shoemaker-Levy 9, approached Jupiter. Observers on Earth soon realized that it was on a collision course. But what happened next was totally unexpected. Without warning it split into twenty three large pieces. One-by-one those pieces plummeted into Jupiter, the largest planet in the Solar System. It tore huge craters into this massive planet; the size of each crater was four times the size of Earth. The craters persisted for months afterwards on the unstable surface of Jupiter. Simultaneously, a gaseous cloud was released that went on to envelope the surface of the planet. This toxic cloud also persisted for months.
For the first time, modern man had witnessed a comet collide with a planet! What was thought to be stable Solar System, was now a place where the unexpected could happen. Could this have occurred on Earth? Had mankind actually witnessed such an event? Could it happen to Earth in the future? No one could now deny any of these possibilities. Perhaps Baal, alias Jupiter and other planets have had dramatic effects on Earth. The proof is not final, but no longer is it a wild heretical theory based on fantasy. Velikovsky could be taken seriously.
Let’s talk with physicist Wal Thornhill regarding Immanuel Velikovsky and the development of the Electric Universe.
Peter Mungo Jupp: As a plasma physicist what is your view on Velikovsky’s books.
Wal Thornhill: I think he nailed some important truths. Certainly I think he nailed the planets as the cause of cataclysmic events on Earth. But as importantly he perceived the truth of the electrical universe which touches on all parts of the Solar System down to mankind’s history and evolution. Modern research is now revealing the dramatic electronic connection between volcanoes, Earthquakes, the weather and the sun. This research at the plasma level offers a tool to understanding those calamities that devastated mankind in his early history.
Peter Mungo Jupp: So, do we have evidence of electric discharges between Earth and other planets or comets? If we do, were they connected to massive Earthquake damage and electrical resculporting of the Earth?
Wal Thornhill: What happens on Earth today is but a tame shadow of mankind’s earlier history. The evidence suggests that only a few thousand years ago planets moved close to Earth, producing electrical phenomena of intense beauty and terror. Ancient sky worshippers witnessed these celestial wonders and far-flung cultures recorded the events in great myths, symbols and ritual practices of antiquity. I think they witnessed celestial bodies immersed in the charged particles of the Solar System’s dense plasma. These bodies, including Earth, spoke electrically to each other and produced heaven spanning electrical discharges. These planets were the gods. Mankind at once feared and worshipped them. During chaotic restructuring of the Solar System cosmic lightning evolved violently from one discharge configuration to another. They followed patterns observed in high energy plasma experiments. These electric phenomena have also been recently observed in deep space.
Peter Mungo Jupp: Wal, you say mankind witnessed these cosmic displays. What evidence do we have for that?
Wal Thornhill: Throughout the world our early ancestors carved pictures of these electric formations upon rocks. They bear a close similarity to each other whether from the Americas, Australia, Europe or Asia. In their myths they called them, “Thunderbolts of the gods”. More incredibly, they bear a remarkable resemblance to plasma discharges produced in laboratories or on super computer modelling.
Peter Mungo Jupp: This seems to fly in the face of conventional interpretations of mythology. Why the resistance to these ideas?
Wal Thornhill: I think for two reasons. Firstly, the idea of a Solar System that is electrically driven flies directly in the face of conventional cosmology. This is firmly bound up in a gravitational model even though NASA, day by day reveals facts that cannot be explained by gravity alone. Cosmology is the “Queen of the Sciences”, yet electrical theory and plasma science is rarely touched on by its disciples. Physicists and electronic scientists are familiar with the force of electricity which is a billion, billion, billion times stronger than gravity. Cosmologists need to radically rethink their gravitational bias. Secondly, I believe the doctrine of uniformitarianism is universally preached in many of the scientific disciplines. That is, by and large, nothing has occurred on Earth that doesn’t occur today. Slow gradual change is the rule. In particular, this dogma holds that the Solar System has been stable for millions of years and has barely changed. I believe this is totally incorrect. A mere look at the changing universe as NASA witnesses it today makes us aware that the stars are continually evolving and responding to an electrical universe.
Peter Mungo Jupp: So much of Mythology and the ancient destructions start to make sense when we interpret them with the aid of the Electrical Universe model.
Peter Mungo Jupp
The jitterbug's OCDs ADHD and THC induced psychosis combo meal isn't working for him.
Velikovsky's catastrophism is intriguing and has plausablities.
Our galaxy could have gone Seyfert 999,999.999 yrs ago and we'll never know until the shock wave hits and we see what looks like second sun that looks like an eye in the sky.
At least the numbers tell me what floats and what doesn't, you have to get the answer from your owners. See why you will always be a troll and that is why we will never have a 'discussion' about anything let alone one where you are the final authority as all you can do is supply a link.
Why should it all be the same?
Is lava still different than magma?
Ever heard of mafic and ultramafic rock?
Is lava still different than magma?
Ever heard of mafic and ultramafic rock?
2.9-3.3 the mantle starts at 4.4
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipe...fmexico.pdf/page1-5400px-Gulfofmexico.pdf.jpg
This will save you from asking needless questions. I gave up asking you any a long time ago. I see no reason to change that really.
https://www.thoughtco.com/densities-of-common-rocks-and-minerals-1439119
Densities of Common Rocks and Minerals
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipe...fmexico.pdf/page1-5400px-Gulfofmexico.pdf.jpg
This will save you from asking needless questions. I gave up asking you any a long time ago. I see no reason to change that really.
https://www.thoughtco.com/densities-of-common-rocks-and-minerals-1439119
Densities of Common Rocks and Minerals
You are unable to learn? I gave you the answers in my questions.
Need more help? Let's try the kid's version and see if you can learn.
Geology For Kids
Magma and Lava
Magma and lava are both forms of melted rock. The difference between them is based upon their location. Magma is found below the Earth’s surface while lava is found on top of it. Still, their location actually affects their properties. That’s because it’s far colder above the crust, and there’s also much less pressure.
What is the Difference Between Magma and Lava?
As we’ve said, magma and lava are almost the same thing. Lava is magma that has reached the Earth’s surface. Even so, we see important differences between the two. That’s because magma is subjected to extreme heat and pressure.
Compared to magma, lava doesn’t last very long. It’s cooled by air above the crust. This causes it to rapidly harden into igneous rock.
Oppositely, magma will stay hot, having nothing to cool it down. This allows it to melt through solid rock. Lava can’t do this because it takes heat to melt something else. The lava would get cold and harden even faster. But, magma’s heat is always being restored. That’s because it’s very hot deep into the earth. This is especially true of the mantle, where most magma comes from.
Magma’s melting ability is an important part of the rock cycle. The asthenosphere, a layer of magma within the earth, acts like a 24/7 furnace. Tectonic plates are pushed into this furnace during a process known as subduction. Subduction melts the igneous and metamorphic rock which make up the plates. This forms new magma. At the same time, magma pops up at ocean ridges as lava. This creates new igneous rock.
A diagram explaining subduction.
A diagram displaying the process of subduction.
How hot is magma?
Most magma is between 1300 and 2400 degrees Fahrenheit. There are types of magma which are colder or hotter, but they are quite rare.
Properties Resulting from Pressure
Another thing we should note is that magma is under immense pressure. As we descend into the Earth’s layers, pressure increases. That’s because each layer is pushing down on the ones below it. This pressure is often strong enough to push matter together. It’s why, for example, the hot inner core can remain solid.
Is Magma a Liquid?
This is a tricky question. The answer is: Yes…sort of. Magma is a fluid. It flows instead of keeping shape. But, it flows very slowly, almost as if it’s still somewhat solid.
To make sense of this, scientists sometimes refer to magma as a plastic instead of a liquid. By this, they mean that magma thins out (or flows) slowly. It’s kind of like a strip of plastic that’s being pulled apart.
What’s more, magma’s plasticity has huge consequences for our planet. Plate tectonics relies on magma in the asthenosphere. The plates drift over the ‘fluid’ magma. But, this movement is VERY slow. That’s because the fluid they’re drifting on isn’t a fluid at all. It’s more like a plastic. Contrast this with lava which flows around whole islands before it cools.
What is Magma? – Magma Composition
At the beginning, we said that magma is a kind of melted rock. But, that’s a simplification. For starters, not all magma contains the same sorts of rock. This matters a lot because it determines how plastic a magma is. Fortunately, we can classify magma composition by silica content.
A volcanic eruption.
A volcano erupting. How it erupts depends on what kind of magma is inside.
Silica is a mineral made-up of the elements silicon and oxygen. It’s found in many different kinds of rocks, and in different amounts. We use silica content as shorthand for which kinds of rock make-up a magma. The more silica magma contains, the slower it flows. Another way to say this is that the magma becomes more viscous.
Magmas that are more viscous have more explosive volcanic eruption types. That’s partially because it builds up inside of the volcano instead of flowing out smoothly. Additionally, viscous magmas contain lots of gas bubbles. It’s harder for gas to escape when it’s surrounded by silica.
Other Great Resources:
5 Differences Between Lava and Magma: https://differencecamp.com/lava-vs-magma-differences/
USGS on Lava Sampling: https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/lava-samp...s_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products
15 Facts about Lava: http://mentalfloss.com/article/545397/facts-about-lava
Magma Facts by Kiddle: https://kids.kiddle.co/Magma
Written by: Noah Louis-Ferdinand.
https://kidsgeo.com/geology-for-kids/magma-and-lava/
Need more help? Let's try the kid's version and see if you can learn.
Geology For Kids
Magma and Lava
Magma and lava are both forms of melted rock. The difference between them is based upon their location. Magma is found below the Earth’s surface while lava is found on top of it. Still, their location actually affects their properties. That’s because it’s far colder above the crust, and there’s also much less pressure.
What is the Difference Between Magma and Lava?
As we’ve said, magma and lava are almost the same thing. Lava is magma that has reached the Earth’s surface. Even so, we see important differences between the two. That’s because magma is subjected to extreme heat and pressure.
Compared to magma, lava doesn’t last very long. It’s cooled by air above the crust. This causes it to rapidly harden into igneous rock.
Oppositely, magma will stay hot, having nothing to cool it down. This allows it to melt through solid rock. Lava can’t do this because it takes heat to melt something else. The lava would get cold and harden even faster. But, magma’s heat is always being restored. That’s because it’s very hot deep into the earth. This is especially true of the mantle, where most magma comes from.
Magma’s melting ability is an important part of the rock cycle. The asthenosphere, a layer of magma within the earth, acts like a 24/7 furnace. Tectonic plates are pushed into this furnace during a process known as subduction. Subduction melts the igneous and metamorphic rock which make up the plates. This forms new magma. At the same time, magma pops up at ocean ridges as lava. This creates new igneous rock.
A diagram explaining subduction.
A diagram displaying the process of subduction.
How hot is magma?
Most magma is between 1300 and 2400 degrees Fahrenheit. There are types of magma which are colder or hotter, but they are quite rare.
Properties Resulting from Pressure
Another thing we should note is that magma is under immense pressure. As we descend into the Earth’s layers, pressure increases. That’s because each layer is pushing down on the ones below it. This pressure is often strong enough to push matter together. It’s why, for example, the hot inner core can remain solid.
Is Magma a Liquid?
This is a tricky question. The answer is: Yes…sort of. Magma is a fluid. It flows instead of keeping shape. But, it flows very slowly, almost as if it’s still somewhat solid.
To make sense of this, scientists sometimes refer to magma as a plastic instead of a liquid. By this, they mean that magma thins out (or flows) slowly. It’s kind of like a strip of plastic that’s being pulled apart.
What’s more, magma’s plasticity has huge consequences for our planet. Plate tectonics relies on magma in the asthenosphere. The plates drift over the ‘fluid’ magma. But, this movement is VERY slow. That’s because the fluid they’re drifting on isn’t a fluid at all. It’s more like a plastic. Contrast this with lava which flows around whole islands before it cools.
What is Magma? – Magma Composition
At the beginning, we said that magma is a kind of melted rock. But, that’s a simplification. For starters, not all magma contains the same sorts of rock. This matters a lot because it determines how plastic a magma is. Fortunately, we can classify magma composition by silica content.
A volcanic eruption.
A volcano erupting. How it erupts depends on what kind of magma is inside.
Silica is a mineral made-up of the elements silicon and oxygen. It’s found in many different kinds of rocks, and in different amounts. We use silica content as shorthand for which kinds of rock make-up a magma. The more silica magma contains, the slower it flows. Another way to say this is that the magma becomes more viscous.
Magmas that are more viscous have more explosive volcanic eruption types. That’s partially because it builds up inside of the volcano instead of flowing out smoothly. Additionally, viscous magmas contain lots of gas bubbles. It’s harder for gas to escape when it’s surrounded by silica.
Other Great Resources:
5 Differences Between Lava and Magma: https://differencecamp.com/lava-vs-magma-differences/
USGS on Lava Sampling: https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/lava-samp...s_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products
15 Facts about Lava: http://mentalfloss.com/article/545397/facts-about-lava
Magma Facts by Kiddle: https://kids.kiddle.co/Magma
Written by: Noah Louis-Ferdinand.
https://kidsgeo.com/geology-for-kids/magma-and-lava/
Does the mantle not exist in your world?? The crust is floating on the mantle, it is not, even this article is promoting that the mantle might be sticking up out of the Atlantic Rift mountains. That is not the top of the volcanoes. How much does water in a water-jet thicken up as it is pressured up so it can cut steel?? When you compress something it heats up and when a liquid heats up it gets thinner rather than thicker. If the mantle is hotter than the hottest lave that flows like water then the material is that much denser.
There isn't one articlr that you swear by that isn't full of lies and promotes the opposite of what science in Middle School teaches.
https://kids.kiddle.co/Earth's_mantle
The upper mantle
Past episodes of melting and volcanism at the outer levels of the mantle have produced a very thin crust of crystallized melt products near the surface, where we live. The gases evolved during the melting of Earth's mantle have a large effect on the composition and size of Earth's atmosphere.
Uppermost mantle
A thin crust, the lower part of the lithosphere, surrounds the mantle and is about 5 to 75 km thick. There are two main zones in the upper mantle. The uppermost mantle plus overlying crust are relatively rigid and form the lithosphere, an irregular layer with a maximum thickness of perhaps 200 km, of which the uppermost mantle is 120 to 50 km thick.
Asthenosphere
Below the lithosphere the upper mantle becomes notably more plastic. It is called the asthenosphere, and is composed of flowing rock in the state of plasticity, about 200 km thick.
Lower mantle
The lower mantle is much thicker than the upper mantle. It is made of magma, under great pressure, and so is thicker (higher viscosity) and flows less easily.
The chemical composition of the mantle is heavily biased towards three elements: Oxygen 44.8% by weight; Magnesium 22.8%; Silicon 21.5%. Compounds are oxides: silica SiO2 46%; magnesium oxide MgO 37.8%.
There isn't one articlr that you swear by that isn't full of lies and promotes the opposite of what science in Middle School teaches.
https://kids.kiddle.co/Earth's_mantle
The upper mantle
Past episodes of melting and volcanism at the outer levels of the mantle have produced a very thin crust of crystallized melt products near the surface, where we live. The gases evolved during the melting of Earth's mantle have a large effect on the composition and size of Earth's atmosphere.
Uppermost mantle
A thin crust, the lower part of the lithosphere, surrounds the mantle and is about 5 to 75 km thick. There are two main zones in the upper mantle. The uppermost mantle plus overlying crust are relatively rigid and form the lithosphere, an irregular layer with a maximum thickness of perhaps 200 km, of which the uppermost mantle is 120 to 50 km thick.
Asthenosphere
Below the lithosphere the upper mantle becomes notably more plastic. It is called the asthenosphere, and is composed of flowing rock in the state of plasticity, about 200 km thick.
Lower mantle
The lower mantle is much thicker than the upper mantle. It is made of magma, under great pressure, and so is thicker (higher viscosity) and flows less easily.
The chemical composition of the mantle is heavily biased towards three elements: Oxygen 44.8% by weight; Magnesium 22.8%; Silicon 21.5%. Compounds are oxides: silica SiO2 46%; magnesium oxide MgO 37.8%.
Why call me poor when it is you that believed the whole thing without one question. How do you compress a liquid back into a solid??
http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/geoQuerry57.html
What is the best estimate of the densities of the various layers of the Earth?
Estimates vary, but some approximate values should be as follows (in grams per cubic centimeter):
http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/AskGeoMan/geoQuerry57.html
What is the best estimate of the densities of the various layers of the Earth?
Estimates vary, but some approximate values should be as follows (in grams per cubic centimeter):
Continental Crust: 2.7 to 3.0 Oceanic Crust: 3.0 to 3.3 Mantle (silicates): 3.3 to 5.7 (increasing with depth?) Outer Core (liquid): 9.9 to 12.2 Inner Core (solid): 12.6 to 13.0
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Newtonian_fluid
A non-Newtonian fluid is a fluid that does not follow Newton's law of viscosity, i.e. constant viscosity independent of stress. In non-Newtonian fluids, viscosity can change when under force to either more liquid or more solid. Ketchup, for example, becomes runnier when shaken and is thus a non-Newtonian fluid. Many salt solutions and molten polymers are non-Newtonian fluids, as are many commonly found substances
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity#Newtonian_and_non-Newtonian_fluids
A fluid that behaves according to Newton's law, with a viscosity μ that is independent of the stress, is said to be Newtonian. Gases, water, and many common liquids can be considered Newtonian in ordinary conditions and contexts. There are many non-Newtonian fluids that significantly deviate from that law in some way or other. For example:
Many common substances exhibit non-Newtonian flows. These include:[6]
A non-Newtonian fluid is a fluid that does not follow Newton's law of viscosity, i.e. constant viscosity independent of stress. In non-Newtonian fluids, viscosity can change when under force to either more liquid or more solid. Ketchup, for example, becomes runnier when shaken and is thus a non-Newtonian fluid. Many salt solutions and molten polymers are non-Newtonian fluids, as are many commonly found substances
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity#Newtonian_and_non-Newtonian_fluids
A fluid that behaves according to Newton's law, with a viscosity μ that is independent of the stress, is said to be Newtonian. Gases, water, and many common liquids can be considered Newtonian in ordinary conditions and contexts. There are many non-Newtonian fluids that significantly deviate from that law in some way or other. For example:
- Shear-thickening liquids, whose viscosity increases with the rate of shear strain.
- Shear-thinning liquids, whose viscosity decreases with the rate of shear strain.
- Thixotropic liquids, that become less viscous over time when shaken, agitated, or otherwise stressed.
- Rheopectic (dilatant) liquids, that become more viscous over time when shaken, agitated, or otherwise stressed.
- Bingham plastics that behave as a solid at low stresses but flow as a viscous fluid at high stresses.
Many common substances exhibit non-Newtonian flows. These include:[6]
- Soap solutions, cosmetics and toothpaste
- Food such as butter, corn starch mixed with water, cheese, jam, ketchup, mayonnaise, soup, taffy, and yogurt
- Natural substances such as magma, lava, gums, honey, and extracts such as vanilla extract
- Biological fluids such as blood, saliva, semen, mucus and synovial fluid