Britain, Australia, New Zealand and Turkey are marking the centenary of the Gallipoli campaign.
The battle was fought between the British Empire and the Ottoman Empire between 25th April 1915 and 9th January 1916.
The Queen took part in a two-minute silence before laying a wreath at the Cenotaph in Whitehall.
She was joined by Prince William and party leaders at the memorial parade, ahead of a service at Westminster Abbey.
A second day of services is also taking place Australia, Turkey and New Zealand to mark the centenary.
Earlier the Prince of Wales, together with Prince Harry, attended a ceremony at the Anzac commemorative site in Turkey.
The two princs yesterday met relatives of Gallipoli Campaign veterans on the flight deck of the Royal Navy's flagship HMS Bulwark in Turkey's Dardanelles straits.
The eight-month campaign on the Gallipoli peninsula, in modern day Turkey, was one of the bloodiest of the war and the first to involve troops from Australia and New Zealand.
The allied operation was an attempt to force the Ottoman (modern Turkey) Empire out of the war.
Today is Anzac Day in Australia and New Zealand.
At the outbreak of World War One Australia and New Zealand were both fledgling countries.
Australia had only become an independent nation 13 years earlier in 1901, while New Zealand was granted effective independence from Britain in 1907.
The white population still saw itself as part of the British Empire and there was no question it would fight for the mother country. A fifth of those who flocked to the signup stations in 1914 had actually been born in Britain.
However, war also fanned the flames of nationalism. Ordinary men, or 'diggers', had the chance to 'do their country proud', and by joining the global conflict, Australia and New Zealand would establish themselves on the international stage.
Gallipoli centenary marked by Queen and UK leaders
25 April 2015
BBC News
The Queen was joined by the Duke of Edinburgh and Prince William at the ceremony
The Queen is attending UK ceremonies marking the centenary of the Gallipoli campaign in World War One.
She took part in a two-minute silence before laying a wreath at the Cenotaph in Whitehall.
The Queen was joined by Prince William and party leaders at the memorial parade, ahead of a service at Westminster Abbey.
A second day of services is also taking place in Australia, Turkey and New Zealand to mark the centenary.
Allied operation
Earlier the Prince of Wales, together with Prince Harry, attended a ceremony at the Anzac commemorative site in Turkey.
The eight-month campaign on the Gallipoli peninsula, in modern day Turkey, was one of the bloodiest of the war and the first to involve troops from Australia and New Zealand.
The allied operation was an attempt to force the Ottoman empire out of the war.
Relatives of veterans
At the Cenotaph, the Queen joined crowds paying tribute to the 131,000 troops who died during the Gallipoli campaign - including 25,000 British military personnel.
Descendants of veterans and representatives from countries involved in the operation attended the ceremony.
And the principal party leaders - breaking off from the general election campaign - were also involved.
PM David Cameron was among those who laid a wreath at the Cenotaph
The Duke of Edinburgh and the Duke of Cambridge joined the Queen
Earlier, the Princess Royal took part in a dawn service at Hyde Park Corner, where crowds gathered to watch her laying a wreath at Wellington Arch.
And the Duke of Edinburgh joined a service of remembrance at St Paul's Cathedral in London.
At the scene: Daniel Boettcher, BBC News
Ahead of the wreath-laying ceremony, those gathered at the Cenotaph heard music led by the massed bands, pieces drawn from some of the countries that took part in the Gallipoli campaign.
Those waiting along Whitehall listened in silence: service personnel, veterans of more recent conflicts, and members of military associations including the Gallipoli Association. Also present were descendants of those who fought in the campaign.
Among those watching was 10-year-old Edward Jackson, wearing the medals of his great-grandfather, Commander Arthur Mallet, who served in the Royal Navy and was injured during the campaign.
Near the Cenotaph, artist Nadir Imamoglu, born in Turkey but who has lived in the UK for 40 years, has set up a sculpture based on a larger one he has created at the National Memorial Arboretum in Staffordshire. It is made of young oak trees to reflect the ages of the men fighting at Gallipoli - the bare branches reaching into the sky. The sculptor explains this represents the arms of those injured in battle reaching out for help.
Later on Saturday, the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh, who is patron of the Gallipoli Association, will take part in a service of commemoration at Westminster Abbey. During the service the Queen will lay a wreath at the Grave of the Unknown Warrior.
The Gallipoli campaign
1915-16
350,000 British troops, 34,072 died
79,000 French troops, 9,798 died
74,000 Anzac troops, 11,430 died
400,000 Turkish troops, 56,643 died
Among other world events being held on Saturday:
Australia has been remembering its dead at a ceremony at the Lone Pine site
Turkey is holding a service at the Turkish 57th Regimental Memorial
New Zealanders are remembering their dead at the other upper level battleground of Chanuk Bair
In Scotland, First Minister Nicola Sturgeon and Scottish Secretary Alistair Carmichael joined veterans and members of the public to mark the anniversary at the Scottish National War Memorial at Edinburgh Castle
A dawn service was held at Wellington Arch at Hyde Park Corner in London
Members of the public attended the early morning service in London
Charles and Harry yesterday met relatives of Gallipoli Campaign veterans on the flight deck of the Royal Navy's flagship HMS Bulwark in Turkey's Dardanelles straits
Turkey has been holding a commemorative event, attended by dignitaries including Prince Charles and Prince Harry, yesterday and today
At dawn on 25 April 1915, thousands of allied troops launched an amphibious attack on the strategically-important Gallipoli peninsula, which was key to controlling the Dardanelles strait, a crucial route to the Black Sea and Russia.
The Gallipoli campaign is most frequently associated with the forces of the Australian and New Zealand army corps, the Anzacs, but of the more than half a million allied troops who were involved in the operation, some 350,000 came from Britain.
At the service in Turkey, Prince Charles read letters written during the campaign by two soldiers
Prince Harry joined his father at the centenary events being held in Gallipoli
The Gallipoli Campaign
The Gallipoli Campaign was a joint military operation of the Allied Powers in the Gallipoli Peninsula in the erstwhile Ottoman Empire.
The operations were undertaken to open up a third front in addition to the Eastern and Western Fronts. The campaign was also an attempt to secure control of the Dardanelles Strait,which was closed down by the Ottoman Empire following their entry into the war. The strait was an easy route connecting the Mediterranean Sea with the Black Sea, allowing France and Britain access to Russia.
The Gallipoli Campaign was the idea of Winston Churchill. Internal opposition in Britain did not deter Churchill, who secured the sanction of the War Cabinet on January 28, 1915.
The Allies launched an initial naval attack on February 16, 1915, but the attacks were paused many times due to bad weather conditions. The intermittent attacks lasted until March 1915, and were halted for military assistance. General Sir Ian Hamilton commanded the British force stationed in Egypt. The French too contributed to the build up.
On April 25, 1915, the Allied troops landed on the peninsula. The Allied assaults were intermittent and progress was slow. By August 6, 1915, reinforcements arrived and landed on the Suvla Bay. The skirmishes between the Allied and Central forces remained largely indecisive and cost both sides a number of losses.
In September 1915, Lieutenant General Sir Charles Monro took charge from Sir Ian Hamilton and expressed his opinion in favor of abandoning the campaign. Lord Kitchener, the British Secretary of State for War, concurred with Monro’s suggestions after visiting the peninsula in November 1915. The Gallipoli Campaign was abandoned in January 1916.
Outcome:
The Gallipoli Campaign ended in a clear victory for the Central Powers. The operation caused severe damage to both sides. While the Allies recorded over 220,000 casualties the Central troops lost 253,000 soldiers.
The Gallipoli Campaign had a remarkable outcome in terms of reviving Turkish nationalistic tendencies. The death of the Ottoman Empire and the rise of a nationalistic spirit among the Turkish people was the foundation for the formation of the Republic of Turkey under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who first rose to prominence as a commander at Gallipoli.
Not unlike the Turkish people, the Australian, Indian, and New Zealand troops who took part in the campaign as part of the British Empire experienced the initial upsurge of nationalism. This eventually led to the demand for independent states, free from the dominion of the British rule.
The campaign had resonating implications in Britain. Winston Churchill resigned following the failure. H. H. Asquith, the British Prime Minister resigned, and was succeeded by David Lloyd George toward the end of 1916
Gallipoli centenary marked by Queen and UK leaders - BBC News
The battle was fought between the British Empire and the Ottoman Empire between 25th April 1915 and 9th January 1916.
The Queen took part in a two-minute silence before laying a wreath at the Cenotaph in Whitehall.
She was joined by Prince William and party leaders at the memorial parade, ahead of a service at Westminster Abbey.
A second day of services is also taking place Australia, Turkey and New Zealand to mark the centenary.
Earlier the Prince of Wales, together with Prince Harry, attended a ceremony at the Anzac commemorative site in Turkey.
The two princs yesterday met relatives of Gallipoli Campaign veterans on the flight deck of the Royal Navy's flagship HMS Bulwark in Turkey's Dardanelles straits.
The eight-month campaign on the Gallipoli peninsula, in modern day Turkey, was one of the bloodiest of the war and the first to involve troops from Australia and New Zealand.
The allied operation was an attempt to force the Ottoman (modern Turkey) Empire out of the war.
Today is Anzac Day in Australia and New Zealand.
At the outbreak of World War One Australia and New Zealand were both fledgling countries.
Australia had only become an independent nation 13 years earlier in 1901, while New Zealand was granted effective independence from Britain in 1907.
The white population still saw itself as part of the British Empire and there was no question it would fight for the mother country. A fifth of those who flocked to the signup stations in 1914 had actually been born in Britain.
However, war also fanned the flames of nationalism. Ordinary men, or 'diggers', had the chance to 'do their country proud', and by joining the global conflict, Australia and New Zealand would establish themselves on the international stage.
Gallipoli centenary marked by Queen and UK leaders
25 April 2015
BBC News
The Queen was joined by the Duke of Edinburgh and Prince William at the ceremony
The Queen is attending UK ceremonies marking the centenary of the Gallipoli campaign in World War One.
She took part in a two-minute silence before laying a wreath at the Cenotaph in Whitehall.
The Queen was joined by Prince William and party leaders at the memorial parade, ahead of a service at Westminster Abbey.
A second day of services is also taking place in Australia, Turkey and New Zealand to mark the centenary.
Allied operation
Earlier the Prince of Wales, together with Prince Harry, attended a ceremony at the Anzac commemorative site in Turkey.
The eight-month campaign on the Gallipoli peninsula, in modern day Turkey, was one of the bloodiest of the war and the first to involve troops from Australia and New Zealand.
The allied operation was an attempt to force the Ottoman empire out of the war.
Relatives of veterans
At the Cenotaph, the Queen joined crowds paying tribute to the 131,000 troops who died during the Gallipoli campaign - including 25,000 British military personnel.
Descendants of veterans and representatives from countries involved in the operation attended the ceremony.
And the principal party leaders - breaking off from the general election campaign - were also involved.
PM David Cameron was among those who laid a wreath at the Cenotaph
The Duke of Edinburgh and the Duke of Cambridge joined the Queen
Earlier, the Princess Royal took part in a dawn service at Hyde Park Corner, where crowds gathered to watch her laying a wreath at Wellington Arch.
And the Duke of Edinburgh joined a service of remembrance at St Paul's Cathedral in London.
At the scene: Daniel Boettcher, BBC News
Ahead of the wreath-laying ceremony, those gathered at the Cenotaph heard music led by the massed bands, pieces drawn from some of the countries that took part in the Gallipoli campaign.
Those waiting along Whitehall listened in silence: service personnel, veterans of more recent conflicts, and members of military associations including the Gallipoli Association. Also present were descendants of those who fought in the campaign.
Among those watching was 10-year-old Edward Jackson, wearing the medals of his great-grandfather, Commander Arthur Mallet, who served in the Royal Navy and was injured during the campaign.
Near the Cenotaph, artist Nadir Imamoglu, born in Turkey but who has lived in the UK for 40 years, has set up a sculpture based on a larger one he has created at the National Memorial Arboretum in Staffordshire. It is made of young oak trees to reflect the ages of the men fighting at Gallipoli - the bare branches reaching into the sky. The sculptor explains this represents the arms of those injured in battle reaching out for help.
Later on Saturday, the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh, who is patron of the Gallipoli Association, will take part in a service of commemoration at Westminster Abbey. During the service the Queen will lay a wreath at the Grave of the Unknown Warrior.
The Gallipoli campaign
1915-16
350,000 British troops, 34,072 died
79,000 French troops, 9,798 died
74,000 Anzac troops, 11,430 died
400,000 Turkish troops, 56,643 died
Among other world events being held on Saturday:
Australia has been remembering its dead at a ceremony at the Lone Pine site
Turkey is holding a service at the Turkish 57th Regimental Memorial
New Zealanders are remembering their dead at the other upper level battleground of Chanuk Bair
In Scotland, First Minister Nicola Sturgeon and Scottish Secretary Alistair Carmichael joined veterans and members of the public to mark the anniversary at the Scottish National War Memorial at Edinburgh Castle
A dawn service was held at Wellington Arch at Hyde Park Corner in London
Members of the public attended the early morning service in London
Charles and Harry yesterday met relatives of Gallipoli Campaign veterans on the flight deck of the Royal Navy's flagship HMS Bulwark in Turkey's Dardanelles straits
Turkey has been holding a commemorative event, attended by dignitaries including Prince Charles and Prince Harry, yesterday and today
At dawn on 25 April 1915, thousands of allied troops launched an amphibious attack on the strategically-important Gallipoli peninsula, which was key to controlling the Dardanelles strait, a crucial route to the Black Sea and Russia.
The Gallipoli campaign is most frequently associated with the forces of the Australian and New Zealand army corps, the Anzacs, but of the more than half a million allied troops who were involved in the operation, some 350,000 came from Britain.
At the service in Turkey, Prince Charles read letters written during the campaign by two soldiers
Prince Harry joined his father at the centenary events being held in Gallipoli
The Gallipoli Campaign
The Gallipoli Campaign was a joint military operation of the Allied Powers in the Gallipoli Peninsula in the erstwhile Ottoman Empire.
The operations were undertaken to open up a third front in addition to the Eastern and Western Fronts. The campaign was also an attempt to secure control of the Dardanelles Strait,which was closed down by the Ottoman Empire following their entry into the war. The strait was an easy route connecting the Mediterranean Sea with the Black Sea, allowing France and Britain access to Russia.
The Gallipoli Campaign was the idea of Winston Churchill. Internal opposition in Britain did not deter Churchill, who secured the sanction of the War Cabinet on January 28, 1915.
The Allies launched an initial naval attack on February 16, 1915, but the attacks were paused many times due to bad weather conditions. The intermittent attacks lasted until March 1915, and were halted for military assistance. General Sir Ian Hamilton commanded the British force stationed in Egypt. The French too contributed to the build up.
On April 25, 1915, the Allied troops landed on the peninsula. The Allied assaults were intermittent and progress was slow. By August 6, 1915, reinforcements arrived and landed on the Suvla Bay. The skirmishes between the Allied and Central forces remained largely indecisive and cost both sides a number of losses.
In September 1915, Lieutenant General Sir Charles Monro took charge from Sir Ian Hamilton and expressed his opinion in favor of abandoning the campaign. Lord Kitchener, the British Secretary of State for War, concurred with Monro’s suggestions after visiting the peninsula in November 1915. The Gallipoli Campaign was abandoned in January 1916.
Outcome:
The Gallipoli Campaign ended in a clear victory for the Central Powers. The operation caused severe damage to both sides. While the Allies recorded over 220,000 casualties the Central troops lost 253,000 soldiers.
The Gallipoli Campaign had a remarkable outcome in terms of reviving Turkish nationalistic tendencies. The death of the Ottoman Empire and the rise of a nationalistic spirit among the Turkish people was the foundation for the formation of the Republic of Turkey under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who first rose to prominence as a commander at Gallipoli.
Not unlike the Turkish people, the Australian, Indian, and New Zealand troops who took part in the campaign as part of the British Empire experienced the initial upsurge of nationalism. This eventually led to the demand for independent states, free from the dominion of the British rule.
The campaign had resonating implications in Britain. Winston Churchill resigned following the failure. H. H. Asquith, the British Prime Minister resigned, and was succeeded by David Lloyd George toward the end of 1916
Gallipoli centenary marked by Queen and UK leaders - BBC News
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