A series of events is taking place today to mark the 100th anniversary of Britain's worst-ever pit disaster.
On 14th October 1913, 440 men and boys were killed when an explosion ripped through the Universal Colliery at Senghenydd in Caerphilly county in south Wales. The explosion was caused by a buildup of methane gas which had ignited.
A national memorial has been unveiled to mark the event and other mining tragedies in Wales.
Relatives of the men and boys who died were among those who attended.
A day of ceremony and commemoration is marking the explosion which happened just after 8am.
The memorial is a bronze statue of a rescue worker helping a miner.
The day of events in Senghenydd (pronounced Seng-hen-ith) started with the sounding of the original Universal Colliery pit hooter at 08:10 BST, exactly as it did a century ago when it sounded to alert the village to what had happened in the pit.
Amongst those attending the sombre ceremony was Wales' First Minister Carwyn Jones.
Wales' footballers were wearing black armbands in training to mark the disaster. They fly to Belgium later for their final World Cup qualifying game.
Britain's most recent mining tragedy took place at the Gleision in the Swansea Valley in 2011. Four men were killed.
Senghenydd: Centenary of UK's worst pit disaster marked
14 October 2013
BBC News
Hundreds of people gathered for the unveiling of the national mining memorial in Senghenydd
440 men and boys, including a rescuer, were killed at a coalmine in Senghenydd on 14th October 1913, Britain's worst ever mining disaster
A day of events marking the 100th anniversary of Britain's worst mining disaster is taking place in Senghenydd.
Hundreds have turned out in the streets of the Caerphilly county village where an explosion killed 439 miners and a rescuer at the Universal Colliery on 14 October, 1913.
A national memorial has been unveiled to mark the event and other mining tragedies in Wales.
Relatives of the men and boys who died were among those who attended.
A day of ceremony and commemoration is marking the explosion which happened just after 8am on 14 October, 1913.
It had been caused by a build up of firedamp (methane) gas being ignited.
The blast disturbed coal dust on the mine floor, raising clouds that then also caught alight, spreading the destruction further.
The fire was mainly confined to the west side of the mine, with the east side blocked with noxious gases. The result was over 400 men trapped underground.
It was not the first time tragedy had hit the village, a few miles along the Aber Valley from Caerphilly.
An explosion at the colliery in 1901 killed 81 men and there was criticism that the pit owners did not learn the lessons from it.
A report following that explosion recommended certain safety procedures should be followed. An extended deadline of September 1913 to implement the safety measure was missed by the mine bosses.
Just six weeks later, 439 miners and a rescuer died when another blast ripped through the colliery.
There had been 950 men down Universal's three pits that day.
Over the fortnight that followed those trapped were helped to safety with the last 18 men rescued more than two weeks later.
Funerals for those who died took place over the next month.
One hundred years later, the Wales National Mining Memorial was unveiled to remember the Senghenydd disaster and 150 other mining tragedies in Wales including the most recent, when four men died at Gleision in the Swansea Valley in 2011.
The memorial is a bronze statue of a rescue worker helping a miner.
The day of events in Senghenydd started with the sounding of the original Universal Colliery pit hooter at 08:10 BST, exactly as it did a century ago when it sounded to alert the village to what had happened in the pit.
The details of those killed in the two Senghenydd disasters were inscribed on tiles near the mining memorial
A walled garden was also opened with tiles inscribed with the details of those killed in the two Senghenydd disasters as well as a "path of memory," which marks the other colliery tragedies in Wales.
Patron Roy Noble paid tribute to "the men who paid the ultimate sacrifice in their quest for coal" and added it was a "tragic end to the stepping stones leading to disaster".
A hooter marked the end of the service, which was attended by First Minister Carwyn Jones.
Mr Jones said it was "absolutely right" that there should be a national mining memorial to the "thousands of men and boys who died simply trying to earn a living".
The Aber Valley Heritage Group has been behind fundraising for the memorial.
Jack Humphreys, group chairman, said: "It has been a hundred years since the disaster at the Universal Colliery, but the impact that the explosion had on this small mining community is still felt today.
"We hope the event is a fitting tribute to the victims of the explosions in Senghenydd and mining disasters across Wales."
Wales' First Minister Carwyn Jones attended today's commemorations
Hilary Barbrook, a local florist from Caerphilly, lost both her grandfathers at Senghenydd.
"We've spoken for years over the tragedy that has happened in this pit, but it's 100 years and it's nice that we're going to honour the people who died," she said.
"The village was grown around the pit because beforehand it was farm land and when they sunk the pit, they built the houses around it so everyone was involved.
"My grandmother had a lot of work, she had eight children and was eight months pregnant with the last one when my grandfather died.
"She used to take in washing, ironing, clean houses. She made all of her own clothes for the children so they didn't go without. She worked tremendously hard to keep the family together."
The Wales football team will wear black armbands in tomorrow night's World Cup qualifier against Belgium
MEMORIAL PROGRAMME
Elise Jenkins in Senghenydd
The valley in the small village of Senghenydd was filled with song.
The sound of the Aber Valley male voice choir echoed through the terraced streets of the old mining town still in mourning for the 440 men and boys who perished 100 years ago.
Hundreds of villagers gathered outside the site of Universal Colliery and many more stood in the drizzle and autumn chill on the hillside overlooking the spot where so many died.
A memorial stood at the centre of a garden of remembrance and was covered in sunshine after the unveiling. Surrounding it were plaques bearing the names of every man and boy who died in Britain's worst mining disaster.
Floral tributes and cards at the site on Monday promised to remember the dead.
And it is clear from the many hundreds who waited patiently in the rain, some with less than enthusiastic young children, this was true.
The haunting melody of Abide With Me sang by a lone soloist played as the sun briefly broke through the black clouds.
And as the choir sang a moving rendition of You'll Never Walk Alone, villagers stopped chatting among themselves and quietly joined in.
The choir went on to sing Senghenydd, written for the occasion with "Deep in our hearts we will remember them" being a prominent line.
Following the unveilings, a minute's silence was held before the UK and Welsh national anthems were sung, and a hooter marked the end of the service.
Senghenydd is a village that has not forgotten those who did not come home on 14 October, 1913.
BBC News - Senghenydd: Centenary of UK's worst pit disaster marked
On 14th October 1913, 440 men and boys were killed when an explosion ripped through the Universal Colliery at Senghenydd in Caerphilly county in south Wales. The explosion was caused by a buildup of methane gas which had ignited.
A national memorial has been unveiled to mark the event and other mining tragedies in Wales.
Relatives of the men and boys who died were among those who attended.
A day of ceremony and commemoration is marking the explosion which happened just after 8am.
The memorial is a bronze statue of a rescue worker helping a miner.
The day of events in Senghenydd (pronounced Seng-hen-ith) started with the sounding of the original Universal Colliery pit hooter at 08:10 BST, exactly as it did a century ago when it sounded to alert the village to what had happened in the pit.
Amongst those attending the sombre ceremony was Wales' First Minister Carwyn Jones.
Wales' footballers were wearing black armbands in training to mark the disaster. They fly to Belgium later for their final World Cup qualifying game.
Britain's most recent mining tragedy took place at the Gleision in the Swansea Valley in 2011. Four men were killed.
Senghenydd: Centenary of UK's worst pit disaster marked
14 October 2013
BBC News
Hundreds of people gathered for the unveiling of the national mining memorial in Senghenydd
440 men and boys, including a rescuer, were killed at a coalmine in Senghenydd on 14th October 1913, Britain's worst ever mining disaster
A day of events marking the 100th anniversary of Britain's worst mining disaster is taking place in Senghenydd.
Hundreds have turned out in the streets of the Caerphilly county village where an explosion killed 439 miners and a rescuer at the Universal Colliery on 14 October, 1913.
A national memorial has been unveiled to mark the event and other mining tragedies in Wales.
Relatives of the men and boys who died were among those who attended.
A day of ceremony and commemoration is marking the explosion which happened just after 8am on 14 October, 1913.
It had been caused by a build up of firedamp (methane) gas being ignited.
The blast disturbed coal dust on the mine floor, raising clouds that then also caught alight, spreading the destruction further.
The fire was mainly confined to the west side of the mine, with the east side blocked with noxious gases. The result was over 400 men trapped underground.
It was not the first time tragedy had hit the village, a few miles along the Aber Valley from Caerphilly.
An explosion at the colliery in 1901 killed 81 men and there was criticism that the pit owners did not learn the lessons from it.
A report following that explosion recommended certain safety procedures should be followed. An extended deadline of September 1913 to implement the safety measure was missed by the mine bosses.
Just six weeks later, 439 miners and a rescuer died when another blast ripped through the colliery.
There had been 950 men down Universal's three pits that day.
Over the fortnight that followed those trapped were helped to safety with the last 18 men rescued more than two weeks later.
Funerals for those who died took place over the next month.
One hundred years later, the Wales National Mining Memorial was unveiled to remember the Senghenydd disaster and 150 other mining tragedies in Wales including the most recent, when four men died at Gleision in the Swansea Valley in 2011.
The memorial is a bronze statue of a rescue worker helping a miner.
The day of events in Senghenydd started with the sounding of the original Universal Colliery pit hooter at 08:10 BST, exactly as it did a century ago when it sounded to alert the village to what had happened in the pit.
The details of those killed in the two Senghenydd disasters were inscribed on tiles near the mining memorial
A walled garden was also opened with tiles inscribed with the details of those killed in the two Senghenydd disasters as well as a "path of memory," which marks the other colliery tragedies in Wales.
Patron Roy Noble paid tribute to "the men who paid the ultimate sacrifice in their quest for coal" and added it was a "tragic end to the stepping stones leading to disaster".
A hooter marked the end of the service, which was attended by First Minister Carwyn Jones.
Mr Jones said it was "absolutely right" that there should be a national mining memorial to the "thousands of men and boys who died simply trying to earn a living".
The Aber Valley Heritage Group has been behind fundraising for the memorial.
Jack Humphreys, group chairman, said: "It has been a hundred years since the disaster at the Universal Colliery, but the impact that the explosion had on this small mining community is still felt today.
"We hope the event is a fitting tribute to the victims of the explosions in Senghenydd and mining disasters across Wales."
Wales' First Minister Carwyn Jones attended today's commemorations
Hilary Barbrook, a local florist from Caerphilly, lost both her grandfathers at Senghenydd.
"We've spoken for years over the tragedy that has happened in this pit, but it's 100 years and it's nice that we're going to honour the people who died," she said.
"The village was grown around the pit because beforehand it was farm land and when they sunk the pit, they built the houses around it so everyone was involved.
"My grandmother had a lot of work, she had eight children and was eight months pregnant with the last one when my grandfather died.
"She used to take in washing, ironing, clean houses. She made all of her own clothes for the children so they didn't go without. She worked tremendously hard to keep the family together."
The Wales football team will wear black armbands in tomorrow night's World Cup qualifier against Belgium
MEMORIAL PROGRAMME
- 08:10 BST: Original Universal Pit hooter sounded
- 10.30-11.15: Arrival, music and procession from Nant-y-Parc Primary
- 11.30: Opening address and service of dedication
- 12.10: Address by patron Roy Noble
- 12.25: Unveiling of sculpture, music and official floral tributes
- 12.45: Floral tributes laid by public
- 17.45-18.40: Promenade performances at site of the old Noddfa Chapel, Stanley St, old Universal Memorial and Nant-y-Parc School yard
- 19.00: Lantern parade proceeds to Memorial Garden
- 19.10: Final promenade performance and service at Memorial Garden
- Source: Aber Valley Heritage Group
Elise Jenkins in Senghenydd
The valley in the small village of Senghenydd was filled with song.
The sound of the Aber Valley male voice choir echoed through the terraced streets of the old mining town still in mourning for the 440 men and boys who perished 100 years ago.
Hundreds of villagers gathered outside the site of Universal Colliery and many more stood in the drizzle and autumn chill on the hillside overlooking the spot where so many died.
A memorial stood at the centre of a garden of remembrance and was covered in sunshine after the unveiling. Surrounding it were plaques bearing the names of every man and boy who died in Britain's worst mining disaster.
Floral tributes and cards at the site on Monday promised to remember the dead.
And it is clear from the many hundreds who waited patiently in the rain, some with less than enthusiastic young children, this was true.
The haunting melody of Abide With Me sang by a lone soloist played as the sun briefly broke through the black clouds.
And as the choir sang a moving rendition of You'll Never Walk Alone, villagers stopped chatting among themselves and quietly joined in.
The choir went on to sing Senghenydd, written for the occasion with "Deep in our hearts we will remember them" being a prominent line.
Following the unveilings, a minute's silence was held before the UK and Welsh national anthems were sung, and a hooter marked the end of the service.
Senghenydd is a village that has not forgotten those who did not come home on 14 October, 1913.
BBC News - Senghenydd: Centenary of UK's worst pit disaster marked
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