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January 22nd, 2006, 01:49 PM
The Blitz
Blitz was the sustained and intensive bombing of the United Kingdom by Nazi Germany during 1940–1941. Although the word Blitz is a shortening of the German word blitzkrieg, meaning "lightning war", it was not an example of blitzkrieg but was an early example of strategic bombing. It was carried out by the Luftwaffe against a range of targets across the UK, particularly concentrating on London.
The campaign took place from 7 September 1940 through to 16 May 1941. Aerial attacks on UK targets resumed in 1944 with the V1 and V2. The Blitz inflicted around 43,000 deaths and destroyed over a million houses, but failed to achieve the Germans' strategic objectives of knocking Britain out of the war or rendering it unable to resist an invasion.
Prelude
After the fall of France, the Battle of Britain began in July 1940. From July to September, the Luftwaffe pursued a strategy of directly challenging the British Royal Air Force in an attempt to gain air superiority as a prelude to a planned seaborne and land invasion (see Operation Sealion). This involved the large-scale bombardment of British airfields in an effort to destroy the RAF's ability to combat an invasion. The RAF suffered a high rate of attrition of both aircraft and pilots, although the Germans never committed more than a third of their twin-engined bomber force.
The RAF came much closer to defeat than was publicly admitted at the time and, had the Luftwaffe persisted, it would probably have achieved air superiority in due course. However, the Germans overestimated the RAF's strength and believed that they first needed to destroy strategic installations such as aircraft factories and dockyards and thus deny the RAF the reinforcements it required. In late August 1940, before the date normally associated with the start of the Blitz, the Luftwaffe attacked industrial targets in Birmingham (on 25–26 August) and Liverpool (28–31 August and 4–6 September).
During a raid on Thames Haven, on 24th August 1940, some German aircraft strayed over London and dropped bombs in the east and north-east of the city, specifically Bethnal Green, Hackney, Islington, Tottenham and Finchley. This action prompted the British to mount a retaliatory raid on Berlin the next night with bombs falling in the Kreuzberg and Wedding areas.
Hitler was said to be furious and on 5 September issued a directive stating a requirement "…for disruptive attacks on the population and air defenses of major British cities, including London, by day and night". The Luftwaffe consequently switched to day and night bombardment of British cities, concentrating on London. This had the unintended consequence of relieving pressure on the RAF's airfields.
The start of the Blitz
The first air raids on London were mainly aimed at the Port of London in the East End of London. The damage caused was severe, with the raid of 7 September involving 300 bombers escorted by 600 fighters. Another 180 bombers attacked that night. Due to the inaccurate nature of bombing at the time, many of the bombs aimed at the docks fell on neighbouring residential areas, killing 430 Londoners and injuring another 1,600.
Initially, British defenses proved inadequate. Few of the defenders' anti-aircraft guns had fire-control systems, and the underpowered searchlights were usually ineffective at altitudes above 3600 m (12,000 ft). Few fighter aircraft were able to operate effectively at night, and ground-based radar was not fully effective either. During the first raid, only 92 guns were available to defend the whole of London. The city's defenses were rapidly reorganized by General Frederick Pile, the Commander-in-Chief of Anti-Aircraft Command, and by 11 September twice as many guns were available and under orders to fire at will. The consequent barrage was much more impressive and boosted civilian morale, though it had little effect on the raiders.
German bomber over the Surrey Docks, London
During this first phase of the Blitz, an average of 200 bombers attacked London every night but one between mid-September and mid-November. They were primarily German but also included a number of Italian aircraft operating from Belgium. Birmingham and Bristol were attacked on 15 October, while the heaviest attack of the war so far — involving 400 bombers and lasting six hours — hit London. The RAF launched 41 fighters but only shot down one Heinkel bomber. By mid-November, the Germans had dropped over 13,000 tons of high explosive bombs and over 1 million incendiary bombs but had suffered less than a 1% casualty rate themselves.
The second phase
From November 1940 to February 1941, the Luftwaffe attacked a wide range of other important industrial and port cities across the United Kingdom. Targets included Coventry, Southampton, Birmingham, Liverpool, Bristol, Swindon, Plymouth, Cardiff, Manchester, Sheffield, Portsmouth, and Avonmouth. During this period, fourteen attacks were mounted on ports, nine on industrial targets located further inland and eight on London.
British defenses were still fairly weak at this time and German losses were consequently easily sustainable — only 75 aircraft during this four-month period. However, the German High Command became increasingly sceptical of the effectiveness of the campaign. It was becoming increasingly apparent that with the RAF still intact, an invasion of Britain was militarily infeasible. In addition, preparations were underway for Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union, which (in Hitler's eyes) was a higher priority than reducing a militarily enfeebled Britain.
The third phase
In February 1941, Grand Admiral Erich Raeder persuaded Hitler to switch the focus of the bombing campaign to attacking British ports in support of the Kriegsmarine's Battle of the Atlantic. Hitler issued a directive on 6 February ordering the Luftwaffe to concentrate its efforts on ports, notably Plymouth, Portsmouth, Bristol and Avonmouth, Swansea, Merseyside, Belfast, Clydebank, Hull, Sunderland, and Newcastle. 46 attacks were mounted against those cities between 19 February and 12 May, with only seven directed against London, Birmingham, Coventry, and Nottingham.
By this time, the effort was aimed as much against civilians as against industrial targets and the raids were intended to provoke terror among the civilian population. However, British defenses had significantly improved by this time. The Bristol Beaufighter, mounted with airborne radar systems, proved an effective weapon against incoming bombers when used in conjunction with ground-based radar systems that guided night fighters to their targets. An increasing number of anti-aircraft guns and searchlights were radar-controlled, improving the targeting of enemy aircraft. The Luftwaffe's losses mounted and, with the impending invasion of Russia requiring the movement of air power to the East, the Blitz was wound down in May 1941.
Wall of a burning building collapses.
One last major attack on London happened on 10 May, where many important buildings were destroyed or damaged, among them the British Museum, Houses of Parliament and St. James's Palace.
Baedeker Blitz
The Baedeker Blitz was a series of raids conducted in mid-1942 as reprisals for the RAF bombing of the German city of Lübeck. The Baedeker raids targeted historic cities with no military or strategic importance such as Bath, Canterbury, Exeter, Norwich and York. Churches and other public buildings were often the targets of these raids in an attempt to break civilian morale.
Outcome of the Blitz
The Germans failed to achieve their key objectives of knocking Britain out of the war, or at least preparing the ground for invasion. It had been widely believed before the war that massive aerial bombardment would dent morale to the point of governmental collapse. It was genuinely surprising to all concerned when the bombardment did NOT have this effect on the British. Hitler had predicted that the poor working classes would be "incited against the rich ruling class to bring about a revolution" by aerial bombardment. This did not happen. The Queen's visits to the East End of London were greatly appreciated and did much to boost both public morale and the affection in which the Royal Family was held. After minor damage to Buckingham Palace the Queen was reported to have remarked that she could now "...look the East End in the face."
However, the Germans undoubtedly did inflict a huge amount of damage on Britain at a crucial time. The physical damage was profound: "bomb sites" — rubble-filled places where bombed-out buildings had once stood — remained common in British cities until as late as the 1980s. The attacks forced the diversion of a considerable amount of war material to homeland defense and greatly disrupted the normal life of the country. 43,000 civilians are estimated to have died during the campaign, with over 139,000 injured, and around a million houses destroyed. German casualties were relatively slight, losing around 600 bombers (a casualty rate of 1.5% of the sorties flown), and many of those were the result of landing accidents on returning to base.
On the British side, the fact that the Germans had been able to inflict so much damage at so little cost to themselves was an undeniable failure. The country had been severely under-equipped to deal with a strategic bombing campaign and the number of public bomb shelters fell far below the required number, forcing the authorities in London to make use of around 80 London Underground stations to house as many as 177,000 people. In contrast, the Germans made a much more concerted (but in the end still uneffective) effort to shelter their population against the Allied strategic bombing campaign later in the war — perhaps learning from the British experience.
The British nonetheless weathered the Blitz successfully. Great improvements were made to air defenses during the course of the Blitz and the country avoided collapse. This proved something of a propaganda coup in its own right: much was made of the stoicism of the British people, encapsulated in the 1940 propaganda film London Can Take It, made by Humphrey Jennings.
American radio journalist Edward R. Murrow was stationed in London at the time of the Blitz, and he provided live radio broadcasts to the United States as the bombings were taking place. This form of immediate live news broadcasting from a theatre of war had never been experienced by radio audiences before, and Murrow's London broadcasts made him a radio celebrity, launching his career. His broadcasts were enormously important in prompting the sympathy and support of the American people for Britain's resistance to Nazi aggression.
Major sites, structures, and churches damaged or destroyed in the Blitz
St. Paul's Cathedral in London during a fire bomb raid on December 29, 1940.
All Hallows by-the-Tower
All Hallows-on-the-Wall
Bank tube Station - January 11, 1941
British Museum - May 10, 1941
Buckingham Palace
Central Telegraph Office - December 29, 1940
Chelsea Old Church
Christ Church, Newgate
City Temple
Dutch Church
Euston station - November 15, 1940
Guildhall - December 29, 1940
Holland House
Houses of Parliament (Palace of Westminster) - May 10, 1941
Lambeth Palace - May 10, 1941
Lambeth Walk - September 18, 1940
London Library
Marble Arch Underground Station - September 17, 1940
National Portrait Gallery - November 15, 1940
Old Bailey - May 10, 1941
Paternoster Row - December 29, 1940
Shell Mex House - September 15, 1940
St Alban Wood Street
St Alfege's Church - March 19, 1941
St Andrew by-the-Wardrobe
St Andrew Holborn
St Augustine Watling Street
St Bartholomew the Less
St Botolph Aldersgate
St Clement Danes
St Dunstan-in-the-East
St George in the East - May 1941
St James Garlickhithe
St. James's Palace - May 10, 1941
St Lawrence Jewry - December 29, 1940
St Mary Abchurch
St Mary Aldermanbury
St Mary-le-Bow - May 10, 1941
St Nicholas Cole Abbey
St Olave Hart Street
St Paul's Cathedral - December 29, 1940
St Vedast alias Foster
Temple Church
Westminster Abbey - November 15, 1940
Westminster Hall - May 10, 1941
Bombed buildings in London.
wikipedia.org
The Blitz
Quote:
Germans undoubtedly did inflict a huge amount of damage on Britain at a crucial time. The physical damage was profound: "bomb sites" — rubble-filled places where bombed-out buildings had once stood — remained common in British cities until as late as the 1980s.
Blitz was the sustained and intensive bombing of the United Kingdom by Nazi Germany during 1940–1941. Although the word Blitz is a shortening of the German word blitzkrieg, meaning "lightning war", it was not an example of blitzkrieg but was an early example of strategic bombing. It was carried out by the Luftwaffe against a range of targets across the UK, particularly concentrating on London.
The campaign took place from 7 September 1940 through to 16 May 1941. Aerial attacks on UK targets resumed in 1944 with the V1 and V2. The Blitz inflicted around 43,000 deaths and destroyed over a million houses, but failed to achieve the Germans' strategic objectives of knocking Britain out of the war or rendering it unable to resist an invasion.
Prelude
After the fall of France, the Battle of Britain began in July 1940. From July to September, the Luftwaffe pursued a strategy of directly challenging the British Royal Air Force in an attempt to gain air superiority as a prelude to a planned seaborne and land invasion (see Operation Sealion). This involved the large-scale bombardment of British airfields in an effort to destroy the RAF's ability to combat an invasion. The RAF suffered a high rate of attrition of both aircraft and pilots, although the Germans never committed more than a third of their twin-engined bomber force.
The RAF came much closer to defeat than was publicly admitted at the time and, had the Luftwaffe persisted, it would probably have achieved air superiority in due course. However, the Germans overestimated the RAF's strength and believed that they first needed to destroy strategic installations such as aircraft factories and dockyards and thus deny the RAF the reinforcements it required. In late August 1940, before the date normally associated with the start of the Blitz, the Luftwaffe attacked industrial targets in Birmingham (on 25–26 August) and Liverpool (28–31 August and 4–6 September).
During a raid on Thames Haven, on 24th August 1940, some German aircraft strayed over London and dropped bombs in the east and north-east of the city, specifically Bethnal Green, Hackney, Islington, Tottenham and Finchley. This action prompted the British to mount a retaliatory raid on Berlin the next night with bombs falling in the Kreuzberg and Wedding areas.
Hitler was said to be furious and on 5 September issued a directive stating a requirement "…for disruptive attacks on the population and air defenses of major British cities, including London, by day and night". The Luftwaffe consequently switched to day and night bombardment of British cities, concentrating on London. This had the unintended consequence of relieving pressure on the RAF's airfields.
The start of the Blitz
The first air raids on London were mainly aimed at the Port of London in the East End of London. The damage caused was severe, with the raid of 7 September involving 300 bombers escorted by 600 fighters. Another 180 bombers attacked that night. Due to the inaccurate nature of bombing at the time, many of the bombs aimed at the docks fell on neighbouring residential areas, killing 430 Londoners and injuring another 1,600.
Initially, British defenses proved inadequate. Few of the defenders' anti-aircraft guns had fire-control systems, and the underpowered searchlights were usually ineffective at altitudes above 3600 m (12,000 ft). Few fighter aircraft were able to operate effectively at night, and ground-based radar was not fully effective either. During the first raid, only 92 guns were available to defend the whole of London. The city's defenses were rapidly reorganized by General Frederick Pile, the Commander-in-Chief of Anti-Aircraft Command, and by 11 September twice as many guns were available and under orders to fire at will. The consequent barrage was much more impressive and boosted civilian morale, though it had little effect on the raiders.
German bomber over the Surrey Docks, London
During this first phase of the Blitz, an average of 200 bombers attacked London every night but one between mid-September and mid-November. They were primarily German but also included a number of Italian aircraft operating from Belgium. Birmingham and Bristol were attacked on 15 October, while the heaviest attack of the war so far — involving 400 bombers and lasting six hours — hit London. The RAF launched 41 fighters but only shot down one Heinkel bomber. By mid-November, the Germans had dropped over 13,000 tons of high explosive bombs and over 1 million incendiary bombs but had suffered less than a 1% casualty rate themselves.
The second phase
From November 1940 to February 1941, the Luftwaffe attacked a wide range of other important industrial and port cities across the United Kingdom. Targets included Coventry, Southampton, Birmingham, Liverpool, Bristol, Swindon, Plymouth, Cardiff, Manchester, Sheffield, Portsmouth, and Avonmouth. During this period, fourteen attacks were mounted on ports, nine on industrial targets located further inland and eight on London.
British defenses were still fairly weak at this time and German losses were consequently easily sustainable — only 75 aircraft during this four-month period. However, the German High Command became increasingly sceptical of the effectiveness of the campaign. It was becoming increasingly apparent that with the RAF still intact, an invasion of Britain was militarily infeasible. In addition, preparations were underway for Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union, which (in Hitler's eyes) was a higher priority than reducing a militarily enfeebled Britain.
The third phase
In February 1941, Grand Admiral Erich Raeder persuaded Hitler to switch the focus of the bombing campaign to attacking British ports in support of the Kriegsmarine's Battle of the Atlantic. Hitler issued a directive on 6 February ordering the Luftwaffe to concentrate its efforts on ports, notably Plymouth, Portsmouth, Bristol and Avonmouth, Swansea, Merseyside, Belfast, Clydebank, Hull, Sunderland, and Newcastle. 46 attacks were mounted against those cities between 19 February and 12 May, with only seven directed against London, Birmingham, Coventry, and Nottingham.
By this time, the effort was aimed as much against civilians as against industrial targets and the raids were intended to provoke terror among the civilian population. However, British defenses had significantly improved by this time. The Bristol Beaufighter, mounted with airborne radar systems, proved an effective weapon against incoming bombers when used in conjunction with ground-based radar systems that guided night fighters to their targets. An increasing number of anti-aircraft guns and searchlights were radar-controlled, improving the targeting of enemy aircraft. The Luftwaffe's losses mounted and, with the impending invasion of Russia requiring the movement of air power to the East, the Blitz was wound down in May 1941.
Wall of a burning building collapses.
One last major attack on London happened on 10 May, where many important buildings were destroyed or damaged, among them the British Museum, Houses of Parliament and St. James's Palace.
Baedeker Blitz
The Baedeker Blitz was a series of raids conducted in mid-1942 as reprisals for the RAF bombing of the German city of Lübeck. The Baedeker raids targeted historic cities with no military or strategic importance such as Bath, Canterbury, Exeter, Norwich and York. Churches and other public buildings were often the targets of these raids in an attempt to break civilian morale.
Outcome of the Blitz
The Germans failed to achieve their key objectives of knocking Britain out of the war, or at least preparing the ground for invasion. It had been widely believed before the war that massive aerial bombardment would dent morale to the point of governmental collapse. It was genuinely surprising to all concerned when the bombardment did NOT have this effect on the British. Hitler had predicted that the poor working classes would be "incited against the rich ruling class to bring about a revolution" by aerial bombardment. This did not happen. The Queen's visits to the East End of London were greatly appreciated and did much to boost both public morale and the affection in which the Royal Family was held. After minor damage to Buckingham Palace the Queen was reported to have remarked that she could now "...look the East End in the face."
However, the Germans undoubtedly did inflict a huge amount of damage on Britain at a crucial time. The physical damage was profound: "bomb sites" — rubble-filled places where bombed-out buildings had once stood — remained common in British cities until as late as the 1980s. The attacks forced the diversion of a considerable amount of war material to homeland defense and greatly disrupted the normal life of the country. 43,000 civilians are estimated to have died during the campaign, with over 139,000 injured, and around a million houses destroyed. German casualties were relatively slight, losing around 600 bombers (a casualty rate of 1.5% of the sorties flown), and many of those were the result of landing accidents on returning to base.
On the British side, the fact that the Germans had been able to inflict so much damage at so little cost to themselves was an undeniable failure. The country had been severely under-equipped to deal with a strategic bombing campaign and the number of public bomb shelters fell far below the required number, forcing the authorities in London to make use of around 80 London Underground stations to house as many as 177,000 people. In contrast, the Germans made a much more concerted (but in the end still uneffective) effort to shelter their population against the Allied strategic bombing campaign later in the war — perhaps learning from the British experience.
The British nonetheless weathered the Blitz successfully. Great improvements were made to air defenses during the course of the Blitz and the country avoided collapse. This proved something of a propaganda coup in its own right: much was made of the stoicism of the British people, encapsulated in the 1940 propaganda film London Can Take It, made by Humphrey Jennings.
American radio journalist Edward R. Murrow was stationed in London at the time of the Blitz, and he provided live radio broadcasts to the United States as the bombings were taking place. This form of immediate live news broadcasting from a theatre of war had never been experienced by radio audiences before, and Murrow's London broadcasts made him a radio celebrity, launching his career. His broadcasts were enormously important in prompting the sympathy and support of the American people for Britain's resistance to Nazi aggression.
Major sites, structures, and churches damaged or destroyed in the Blitz
St. Paul's Cathedral in London during a fire bomb raid on December 29, 1940.
All Hallows by-the-Tower
All Hallows-on-the-Wall
Bank tube Station - January 11, 1941
British Museum - May 10, 1941
Buckingham Palace
Central Telegraph Office - December 29, 1940
Chelsea Old Church
Christ Church, Newgate
City Temple
Dutch Church
Euston station - November 15, 1940
Guildhall - December 29, 1940
Holland House
Houses of Parliament (Palace of Westminster) - May 10, 1941
Lambeth Palace - May 10, 1941
Lambeth Walk - September 18, 1940
London Library
Marble Arch Underground Station - September 17, 1940
National Portrait Gallery - November 15, 1940
Old Bailey - May 10, 1941
Paternoster Row - December 29, 1940
Shell Mex House - September 15, 1940
St Alban Wood Street
St Alfege's Church - March 19, 1941
St Andrew by-the-Wardrobe
St Andrew Holborn
St Augustine Watling Street
St Bartholomew the Less
St Botolph Aldersgate
St Clement Danes
St Dunstan-in-the-East
St George in the East - May 1941
St James Garlickhithe
St. James's Palace - May 10, 1941
St Lawrence Jewry - December 29, 1940
St Mary Abchurch
St Mary Aldermanbury
St Mary-le-Bow - May 10, 1941
St Nicholas Cole Abbey
St Olave Hart Street
St Paul's Cathedral - December 29, 1940
St Vedast alias Foster
Temple Church
Westminster Abbey - November 15, 1940
Westminster Hall - May 10, 1941
Bombed buildings in London.
wikipedia.org
