They were two powerful, ancient empires separated by more than 5,000 miles of imposing mountain ranges, barren desert and exposed steppe grasslands.
Yet a collection of seemingly unremarkable bones discovered in a Roman cemetery in London has provided new insights into the links between the Roman Empire and Imperial China.
Analysis has revealed that two skeletons dating from between the 2nd and 4th Century AD unearthed at the site in the city's Southwark area may have been Chinese.
The findings promise to rewrite the history of the Romans as it suggests these two great empires had far greater connections than previously believed.
A meeting of two ancient empires: How did two Chinese skeletons find their way into a Roman cemetery in London?
Archaeologists analysed 22 skeletons from a Roman cemetery in London
The remains were buried there between the 2nd and 4th Centuries AD
Two of the skeletons have a morphology that suggests Asian ancestry
It suggests the links between China and Rome were stronger than believed
By Richard Gray for MailOnline
23 September 2016
They were two powerful, ancient empires separated by more than 5,000 miles of imposing mountain ranges, barren desert and exposed steppe grasslands.
Yet a collection of seemingly unremarkable bones discovered in a Roman cemetery in London has provided new insights into the links between the Roman Empire and Imperial China.
Analysis has revealed that two skeletons dating from between the 2nd and 4th Century AD unearthed at the site in the city's Southwark area may have been Chinese.
Analysis of skeletons found in a Roman cemetery in south London (pictured) have revealed that two of the people buried there between the 2nd and 4th centuries AD had Asian ancestry and were possibly from China. It provides new evidence of the links between the empires
The findings promise to rewrite the history of the Romans as it suggests these two great empires had far greater connections than previously believed.
While it is known that there was extensive trade between China and ancient Rome along what became known as the Silk Road, the two empires are thought to have viewed each other warily.
Accounts from the time suggest the Chinese were curious about the 'tall and virtuous' people of Rome, while the Romans found their rivals in the east mysterious but valued their silk cloth.
Despite the trade between the empires, however, only one person of Asian ancestry has ever been found on sites dating back to the Roman Empire – an adult man unearthed at Vagnari in Italy.
But now research led by the Museum of London has revealed two more individuals of Asian ancestry, buried among the remains of other citizens of ancient Londinium.
According to the Times, while experts have not been able to identify their exact origins, it is likely these people had come from China.
Writing in the Journal of Archaeological Science, Dr Rebecca Redfern, an archaeologist at the Museum of London, said how they ended up there is a mystery.
She and her colleagues said: 'The expansion of the Roman Empire across most of western Europe and the Mediterranean led to the assimilation and movement of many ethnically and geographically diverse communities.
Archaeologist Rebecca Redfern (pictured right) and her colleagues say Londinium may have had a far more flourishing community of immigrants than previously believed. Among the skeletons were those from north Africa, including a young girl (pictured left)
The remains were found at a Roman cemetery on Lant Street in Southwark (shown on map), which was once a suburb of the Roman settlement of Londinium
Southwark, just south of the Thames
'Its power and wealth meant that it also had trade connections for raw materials and products, such as silk throughout Europe, Africa and also to the east, including India and China.
'Many people travelled, often vast distances, for trade or because of their occupation, for example in the military, or their social status, for example if they were enslaved.'
However, other skeletons found in the same cemetery reveal another intriguing possibility.
Forensics experts at Michigan State University matched the shape and morphology of 22 skulls found at the site to their ancestry.
It suggests at least four of the skeletons were from Africa while two were Asian.
Isotope analysis also suggested that five of the individuals appear to have come from the Mediterranean.
It suggests that the bustling suburb of London to the south of the River Thames had enjoyed a rich immigrant population who seemed to have similar status to locals living in the area, at least in death.
This raises the possibility that perhaps these Chinese visitors had in fact settled in the area, even setting up their own trade in the busy heart of Roman Britain.
While it may never be possible to unravel exactly what they were doing there, Dr Redfern and her colleagues say it was clear there were more foreigners in Europe than had been previously realised.
Londinium (artist's impression) was the centre of the Roman empire in Britain, but across the river to its south was a small suburban area that would later become Southwark
They are hoping that DNA analysis of some of the remains might help to further unravel some of the ancestry of those who were buried in Southwark.
For example, it may reveal whether the individuals had were relatively new arrivals from their distant lands or were the offspring of people who had been brought to Britain as slaves.
The remains of one teenage girl who was found at the site was also discovered with an ivory folding knife carved into the shape of a leopard.
Similar styles of knives have been found to be linked to Carthage.
Isotopes from her teeth suggested she had grown up in north Africa, suggesting she had been brought to London after growing up in Africa.
However, DNA tests revealed the teenager had blue eyes and a maternal ancestry that could be traced to south-eastern Europe and west Eurasia, at the eastern fringes of the Roman Empire.
Researchers examined the morphology of the skulls (pictured) found in the cemetery to work out their ancestry while isotope analysis of the teeth revealed details about their diet and where they grew up
It is possible she had been a slave captured during one of the many wars between Rome and Carthage, say the archaeologists.
At the time when the people are thought to have lived, the Roman Empire was at its peak before it split into two halves.
China was in the hands of the Han Dynasty, considered to be the most prolific period of cultural and technological advance in the ancient empire.
Writing in the journal, Dr Redfern said: 'It may well be that these individuals were themselves or were descended from enslaved people originating from Asia, as there were slave-trade connections between India and China, and India and Rome.'
Isotope analysis has also provided some clues about the diets of those buried in the cemetery.
Dr Redfern and her colleagues added: 'Diets were found to be primarily C3-based with limited input of aquatic resources, in contrast to some other populations in Roman Britain and proximity to the River Thames.'
ROME'S LINKS WITH CHINA
They were arguably the two most powerful civilisations of the time.
The Roman conquest of Egypt in 30BC saw trade with China flourish.
While the Silk Road trade route had been delivering cloth, spices and other luxuries to the west for centuries before, the new wealth and fashions of the Roman brought unprecedented demand.
Much of this trade was initially done through Greece and India, but later also through the Parthian Empire.
The Roman Senate, however, saw this trade as a threat on both economic and moral grounds.
Senica the Younger described how silk cloth appeared to have a corrupting influence on the bodies of women and said the material did not 'hide the body, nor even one's decency'.
ROME'S MYSTERY MIGRANTS
A recent study has suggested Rome was attracting immigrants from the furthest reaches of its empire and beyond 2,000 years ago.
Analysis of skeletons found buried in two ancient cemeteries of the Italian city dating from the first to the third centuries AD showed eight of them were from as far away as North Africa and the Alps.
The migrants, who were mostly children and men, were buried in simple graves and appear to have been poor, suggesting they could have come to the city hoping to find success.
However, it is also possible they were slaves who had been brought to the city by their Imperial masters.
The researchers said that the study is the first evidence of individual migrants to Ancient Rome.
Read more: Chinese skeletons found in a Roman cemetery promise to rewrite history | Daily Mail Online
Follow us: @MailOnline on Twitter | DailyMail on Facebook
Yet a collection of seemingly unremarkable bones discovered in a Roman cemetery in London has provided new insights into the links between the Roman Empire and Imperial China.
Analysis has revealed that two skeletons dating from between the 2nd and 4th Century AD unearthed at the site in the city's Southwark area may have been Chinese.
The findings promise to rewrite the history of the Romans as it suggests these two great empires had far greater connections than previously believed.
A meeting of two ancient empires: How did two Chinese skeletons find their way into a Roman cemetery in London?
Archaeologists analysed 22 skeletons from a Roman cemetery in London
The remains were buried there between the 2nd and 4th Centuries AD
Two of the skeletons have a morphology that suggests Asian ancestry
It suggests the links between China and Rome were stronger than believed
By Richard Gray for MailOnline
23 September 2016
They were two powerful, ancient empires separated by more than 5,000 miles of imposing mountain ranges, barren desert and exposed steppe grasslands.
Yet a collection of seemingly unremarkable bones discovered in a Roman cemetery in London has provided new insights into the links between the Roman Empire and Imperial China.
Analysis has revealed that two skeletons dating from between the 2nd and 4th Century AD unearthed at the site in the city's Southwark area may have been Chinese.
Analysis of skeletons found in a Roman cemetery in south London (pictured) have revealed that two of the people buried there between the 2nd and 4th centuries AD had Asian ancestry and were possibly from China. It provides new evidence of the links between the empires
The findings promise to rewrite the history of the Romans as it suggests these two great empires had far greater connections than previously believed.
While it is known that there was extensive trade between China and ancient Rome along what became known as the Silk Road, the two empires are thought to have viewed each other warily.
Accounts from the time suggest the Chinese were curious about the 'tall and virtuous' people of Rome, while the Romans found their rivals in the east mysterious but valued their silk cloth.
Despite the trade between the empires, however, only one person of Asian ancestry has ever been found on sites dating back to the Roman Empire – an adult man unearthed at Vagnari in Italy.
But now research led by the Museum of London has revealed two more individuals of Asian ancestry, buried among the remains of other citizens of ancient Londinium.
According to the Times, while experts have not been able to identify their exact origins, it is likely these people had come from China.
Writing in the Journal of Archaeological Science, Dr Rebecca Redfern, an archaeologist at the Museum of London, said how they ended up there is a mystery.
She and her colleagues said: 'The expansion of the Roman Empire across most of western Europe and the Mediterranean led to the assimilation and movement of many ethnically and geographically diverse communities.
Archaeologist Rebecca Redfern (pictured right) and her colleagues say Londinium may have had a far more flourishing community of immigrants than previously believed. Among the skeletons were those from north Africa, including a young girl (pictured left)
The remains were found at a Roman cemetery on Lant Street in Southwark (shown on map), which was once a suburb of the Roman settlement of Londinium
Southwark, just south of the Thames
'Its power and wealth meant that it also had trade connections for raw materials and products, such as silk throughout Europe, Africa and also to the east, including India and China.
'Many people travelled, often vast distances, for trade or because of their occupation, for example in the military, or their social status, for example if they were enslaved.'
However, other skeletons found in the same cemetery reveal another intriguing possibility.
Forensics experts at Michigan State University matched the shape and morphology of 22 skulls found at the site to their ancestry.
It suggests at least four of the skeletons were from Africa while two were Asian.
Isotope analysis also suggested that five of the individuals appear to have come from the Mediterranean.
It suggests that the bustling suburb of London to the south of the River Thames had enjoyed a rich immigrant population who seemed to have similar status to locals living in the area, at least in death.
This raises the possibility that perhaps these Chinese visitors had in fact settled in the area, even setting up their own trade in the busy heart of Roman Britain.
While it may never be possible to unravel exactly what they were doing there, Dr Redfern and her colleagues say it was clear there were more foreigners in Europe than had been previously realised.
Londinium (artist's impression) was the centre of the Roman empire in Britain, but across the river to its south was a small suburban area that would later become Southwark
They are hoping that DNA analysis of some of the remains might help to further unravel some of the ancestry of those who were buried in Southwark.
For example, it may reveal whether the individuals had were relatively new arrivals from their distant lands or were the offspring of people who had been brought to Britain as slaves.
The remains of one teenage girl who was found at the site was also discovered with an ivory folding knife carved into the shape of a leopard.
Similar styles of knives have been found to be linked to Carthage.
Isotopes from her teeth suggested she had grown up in north Africa, suggesting she had been brought to London after growing up in Africa.
However, DNA tests revealed the teenager had blue eyes and a maternal ancestry that could be traced to south-eastern Europe and west Eurasia, at the eastern fringes of the Roman Empire.
Researchers examined the morphology of the skulls (pictured) found in the cemetery to work out their ancestry while isotope analysis of the teeth revealed details about their diet and where they grew up
It is possible she had been a slave captured during one of the many wars between Rome and Carthage, say the archaeologists.
At the time when the people are thought to have lived, the Roman Empire was at its peak before it split into two halves.
China was in the hands of the Han Dynasty, considered to be the most prolific period of cultural and technological advance in the ancient empire.
Writing in the journal, Dr Redfern said: 'It may well be that these individuals were themselves or were descended from enslaved people originating from Asia, as there were slave-trade connections between India and China, and India and Rome.'
Isotope analysis has also provided some clues about the diets of those buried in the cemetery.
Dr Redfern and her colleagues added: 'Diets were found to be primarily C3-based with limited input of aquatic resources, in contrast to some other populations in Roman Britain and proximity to the River Thames.'
ROME'S LINKS WITH CHINA
They were arguably the two most powerful civilisations of the time.
The Roman conquest of Egypt in 30BC saw trade with China flourish.
While the Silk Road trade route had been delivering cloth, spices and other luxuries to the west for centuries before, the new wealth and fashions of the Roman brought unprecedented demand.
Much of this trade was initially done through Greece and India, but later also through the Parthian Empire.
The Roman Senate, however, saw this trade as a threat on both economic and moral grounds.
Senica the Younger described how silk cloth appeared to have a corrupting influence on the bodies of women and said the material did not 'hide the body, nor even one's decency'.
ROME'S MYSTERY MIGRANTS
A recent study has suggested Rome was attracting immigrants from the furthest reaches of its empire and beyond 2,000 years ago.
Analysis of skeletons found buried in two ancient cemeteries of the Italian city dating from the first to the third centuries AD showed eight of them were from as far away as North Africa and the Alps.
The migrants, who were mostly children and men, were buried in simple graves and appear to have been poor, suggesting they could have come to the city hoping to find success.
However, it is also possible they were slaves who had been brought to the city by their Imperial masters.
The researchers said that the study is the first evidence of individual migrants to Ancient Rome.
Read more: Chinese skeletons found in a Roman cemetery promise to rewrite history | Daily Mail Online
Follow us: @MailOnline on Twitter | DailyMail on Facebook
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