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The word "socialism" dates back at least to the early nineteenth century. It was first used, self-referentially, in the English language in 1827 to refer to followers of Robert Owen. In France, again self-referentially, it was used in 1832 to refer to followers of the doctrines of Saint-Simon and thereafter by Pierre Leroux and J. Regnaud in l'Encyclopédie nouvelle. Use of the word spread widely and has been used differently in different times and places, both by various individuals and groups that consider themselves socialist and by their opponents. While there is wide variation between socialist groups, nearly all would agree that they are bound together by a common history rooted originally in nineteenth and twentieth-century struggles by industrial and agricultural workers, operating according to principles of solidarity and advocating an egalitarian society, with an economics that would, in their view, serve the broad populace rather than a favored few. Elie Halevy claims that the term "socialism" was coined independently by two groups advocating different ways of organizing society and economics: the Saint-Simonians, and most likely Pierre Leroux, in the years 1831-33, and the followers of Robert Owen, around 1835.
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A note on usage
Some groups (see below) have called themselves socialist while holding views that most socialists consider antithetical to socialism. The term has also been used by some politicians on the political right as an epithet for certain individuals who do not consider themselves to be socialists and policies that are not considered socialist by their proponents (e.g. referring to all publicly funded medicine as "socialized medicine" or to the United States Democratic Party as "socialist"). This article touches only briefly on those peripheral issues.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism
African socialism
Arab socialism
Socialist feminism
Libertarian socialism
Anarcho-syndicalism
Anarchist communism
Christian socialism
Islamic socialism
Communism (see also Marxism)
Democratic socialism
Transhumanist socialism
International socialism
Syndicalism
Utopian socialism
Guild socialism
Popular Socialism
The socio-political or intellectual movements basing themselves in the Marxist-Socialist tradition can generally be further divided into:
Autonomist Marxism
Council communism
Left communism
Leninism
Luxembourgism
Mao Zedong Thought or "Maoism"
Marxist humanism
Stalinism
Trotskyism
Titoism
Situationism
Juche
Guevarism
Several forms of "socialism" are considered by those further to the left to be reformist or revisionist. These include:
Austromarxism
Evolutionary socialism
Fabianism
Social democracy
Popular Socialism
Yellow socialism
Socialism with Chinese characteristics and other forms of market socialism
Bernsteinism
Kautskyism
Titoism
Labor Zionism