Analysis of Richard III's remains has suggested that the king was surrounded by soldiers and hacked to death after losing his helmet in battle.
Medical scanners were used to establish that the king suffered 11 injuries from enemy soldiers at Bosworth Field in 1485.
The 32-year-old died after two blows to the back of his head – one from a sword and the other from a halberd, a medieval axe-like weapon.
As nine of the injuries were to his skull, researchers at Leicester University suggest he had lost his heavy helmet.
The two other injuries may have been inflicted after his armour was torn from his body.
Wounds to his buttocks probably came as his bloodied corpse was paraded around the battle ground, they suggest.
The medical evidence establishes the most detailed account of Richard III’s death ever attempted.
Richard III's brutal last moments revealed: Forensics show how doomed king was hacked to death by 11 blows after losing his helmet (and his horse) in the Battle of Bosworth
By Mark Prigg for MailOnline
17 September 2014
Daily Mail
Richard III was surrounded by soldiers and hacked to death after losing his helmet in battle, analysis of his remains suggests.
Medical scanners were used to establish that the king suffered 11 injuries from enemy soldiers at Bosworth Field in 1485.
The 32-year-old died after two blows to the back of his head – one from a sword and the other from a halberd, a medieval axe-like weapon.
A scan showing facial injuries to King Richard III, who died in the thick of battle after losing his helmet and coming under a hail of blows from vicious medieval weapons during the Battle of Bosworth, the last battle of the Wars of the Roses in 1485, new research has shown
As nine of the injuries were to his skull, researchers at Leicester University suggest he had lost his heavy helmet.
The two other injuries may have been inflicted after his armour was torn from his body.
Wounds to his buttocks probably came as his bloodied corpse was paraded around the battle ground, they suggest.
The medical evidence establishes the most detailed account of Richard III’s death ever attempted and is published today in the Lancet medical journal.
Study author Professor Sarah Hainsworth said there was evidence of a ‘sustained attack’ by several assailants.
She added: ‘What we have to remember is that medieval battles were bloody and brutal.
'They had to make sure people really were dead – and then they put the body on display so everybody would know it was true.’
'The absence of defensive wounds to the king’s arms and hands indicates that he was still armoured – while his face was left relatively untouched in order to confirm his identity afterwards,' she said.
The monarch’s remains have been studied since his skeleton was found under a car park in Leicester in 2012. He was the last English monarch to die in battle, perishing in the final campaign of the Wars of the Roses between the rival Plantaganet Houses of Lancaster and York.
A LEICESTER BURIAL
The remains of King Richard III were found by archaeologists under a municipal car park in the central English city of Leicester in 2012 and subsequently identified by experts from the city's university.
A court ruled in May this year that the king should be reburied near to where he was slain in battle, dashing the hopes of descendants who had wanted his remains to be taken back to his northern English stronghold of York.
Evidence suggests he was not the hunchback depicted by Shakespeare and others. Experts now know he had a slightly curved spine that would not have affected his prowess in battle.
He probably did not walk with a limp and was probably a fair and just ruler – not the tyrant and child murderer of lore.
Scientists analysed the skull of the Monarch, and found blows to the head believed to have caused his death
However the new findings suggest that Shakespeare at least gave an accurate account of Richard III’s death.
Evidence that he died without his helmet supports accounts that he had lost his horse in a swamp – immortalised in the Bard’s famous ‘A horse! A horse! My kingdom for a horse!’ line.
The head injuries are consistent with some near-contemporary accounts of the battle, the researchers said in findings published in The Lancet medical journal on Wednesday.
'The wounds to the skull suggest that he was not wearing a helmet, and the absence of defensive wounds on his arms and hands indicate that he was otherwise still armoured at the time of his death,' said Sarah Hainsworth, a professor of materials engineering at Leicester University, who co-led the study.
Remains found underneath a car park in September 2012 in Leicester, which have been declared "beyond reasonable doubt" to be the long lost remains of England's King Richard III, missing for 500 years.
The remains of King Richard III were found by archaeologists under a municipal car park in the central English city of Leicester in 2012 and subsequently identified by experts from the city's university.
A court ruled in May this year that the king should be reburied near to where he was slain in battle, dashing the hopes of descendants who had wanted his remains to be taken back to his northern English stronghold of York.
According to historical record, the monarch was killed in battle on Bosworth Field, near Leicester, on Aug. 22, 1485, and those accounts suggest Richard was forced to abandon his horse after it became stuck in a mire and was then killed fighting.
His death was the culmination of the Wars of the Roses, a bloody 30-year power struggle between Richard's House of York (which lost) and the rival House of Lancaster (which won).
Hainsworth's team used whole body computerised tomography (CT) scans and micro-CT imaging to analyse trauma to the bones and determine which of Richard's wounds might have proved fatal.
They also analysed tool marks on bone to identify the medieval weapons potentially responsible for his injuries.
According to Guy Rutty, a pathologist on the research team, 'the most likely injuries to have caused the king's death are the two to the inferior aspect of the skull -- a large sharp force trauma possibly from a sword or staff weapon, such as a halberd or bill, and a penetrating injury from the tip of an edged weapon.'
A CONTROVERSIAL MONARCH
Richard was born in 1452 at Fotheringhay Castle in Northamptonshire.
During the Wars of the Roses (1455-1485), Richard's father, Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York was killed and in 1470, Richard and his brother Edward were exiled when King Henry VI, from the rival house of Lancaster, took back the throne.
Henry's reign was short lived and during a battle the following year, Edward became King Edward IV.
In 1483, Edward died and Richard was named as Lord Protector of the Realm for Edward's son and successor, the 12-year-old King Edward V.
King Edward V and his brother Richard, 1st Duke York (the title of Duke of York was recreated in 1474, which is why Richard was only the 1st Duke of York yet his grandfather was the 3rd Duke of York) were placed in the Tower of London and after a campaign to condemn the deceased king's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville, the princes were declared illegitimate.
Their uncle, Richard, took to the throne as King Richard III the following day.
He was crowned in July and in August that year, the two princes disappeared.
Rumours spread the king had killed them to remove any threat they may have posed to his reign. The fate of the two Princes in the Tower is still unknown to this day.
In 1485, Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond launched an attack on Richard III on Bosworth Field in Leicestershire.
Many of King Richard III's key lieutenants defected and he was killed in battle. Henry Tudor took the throne as King Henry VII, the first Tudor monarch. His son, Henry, would go on to become King Henry VIII (Richard III's great-nephew).
It has been confirmed that King Richard III had a curvature of the spine, although rumours of a withered arm haven't been verfied from the bones found in the Leicester car park last year.
Last year scientists discovered the king was riddled with roundworm after finding large numbers of the parasite’s eggs in soil taken from King Richard III’s pelvic region.
The find suggests that the king’s intestines were infected with roundworm during his life.
Read more: Forensics suggest Richard III killed by two blows to bare head | Daily Mail Online
Follow us: @MailOnline on Twitter | DailyMail on Facebook
Medical scanners were used to establish that the king suffered 11 injuries from enemy soldiers at Bosworth Field in 1485.
The 32-year-old died after two blows to the back of his head – one from a sword and the other from a halberd, a medieval axe-like weapon.
As nine of the injuries were to his skull, researchers at Leicester University suggest he had lost his heavy helmet.
The two other injuries may have been inflicted after his armour was torn from his body.
Wounds to his buttocks probably came as his bloodied corpse was paraded around the battle ground, they suggest.
The medical evidence establishes the most detailed account of Richard III’s death ever attempted.
Richard III's brutal last moments revealed: Forensics show how doomed king was hacked to death by 11 blows after losing his helmet (and his horse) in the Battle of Bosworth
Two of many blows to bare head killed him very swiftly
Was attacked by one or more people
Nine of 11 blows, clearly inflicted in battle, were to his skull
Another possibly fatal blow was to his pelvis
Was attacked by one or more people
Nine of 11 blows, clearly inflicted in battle, were to his skull
Another possibly fatal blow was to his pelvis
By Mark Prigg for MailOnline
17 September 2014
Daily Mail
Richard III was surrounded by soldiers and hacked to death after losing his helmet in battle, analysis of his remains suggests.
Medical scanners were used to establish that the king suffered 11 injuries from enemy soldiers at Bosworth Field in 1485.
The 32-year-old died after two blows to the back of his head – one from a sword and the other from a halberd, a medieval axe-like weapon.
A scan showing facial injuries to King Richard III, who died in the thick of battle after losing his helmet and coming under a hail of blows from vicious medieval weapons during the Battle of Bosworth, the last battle of the Wars of the Roses in 1485, new research has shown
As nine of the injuries were to his skull, researchers at Leicester University suggest he had lost his heavy helmet.
The two other injuries may have been inflicted after his armour was torn from his body.
Wounds to his buttocks probably came as his bloodied corpse was paraded around the battle ground, they suggest.
The medical evidence establishes the most detailed account of Richard III’s death ever attempted and is published today in the Lancet medical journal.
Study author Professor Sarah Hainsworth said there was evidence of a ‘sustained attack’ by several assailants.
She added: ‘What we have to remember is that medieval battles were bloody and brutal.
'They had to make sure people really were dead – and then they put the body on display so everybody would know it was true.’
'The absence of defensive wounds to the king’s arms and hands indicates that he was still armoured – while his face was left relatively untouched in order to confirm his identity afterwards,' she said.
The monarch’s remains have been studied since his skeleton was found under a car park in Leicester in 2012. He was the last English monarch to die in battle, perishing in the final campaign of the Wars of the Roses between the rival Plantaganet Houses of Lancaster and York.
A LEICESTER BURIAL
The remains of King Richard III were found by archaeologists under a municipal car park in the central English city of Leicester in 2012 and subsequently identified by experts from the city's university.
A court ruled in May this year that the king should be reburied near to where he was slain in battle, dashing the hopes of descendants who had wanted his remains to be taken back to his northern English stronghold of York.
Evidence suggests he was not the hunchback depicted by Shakespeare and others. Experts now know he had a slightly curved spine that would not have affected his prowess in battle.
He probably did not walk with a limp and was probably a fair and just ruler – not the tyrant and child murderer of lore.
Scientists analysed the skull of the Monarch, and found blows to the head believed to have caused his death
However the new findings suggest that Shakespeare at least gave an accurate account of Richard III’s death.
Evidence that he died without his helmet supports accounts that he had lost his horse in a swamp – immortalised in the Bard’s famous ‘A horse! A horse! My kingdom for a horse!’ line.
The head injuries are consistent with some near-contemporary accounts of the battle, the researchers said in findings published in The Lancet medical journal on Wednesday.
'The wounds to the skull suggest that he was not wearing a helmet, and the absence of defensive wounds on his arms and hands indicate that he was otherwise still armoured at the time of his death,' said Sarah Hainsworth, a professor of materials engineering at Leicester University, who co-led the study.
Remains found underneath a car park in September 2012 in Leicester, which have been declared "beyond reasonable doubt" to be the long lost remains of England's King Richard III, missing for 500 years.
The remains of King Richard III were found by archaeologists under a municipal car park in the central English city of Leicester in 2012 and subsequently identified by experts from the city's university.
A court ruled in May this year that the king should be reburied near to where he was slain in battle, dashing the hopes of descendants who had wanted his remains to be taken back to his northern English stronghold of York.
According to historical record, the monarch was killed in battle on Bosworth Field, near Leicester, on Aug. 22, 1485, and those accounts suggest Richard was forced to abandon his horse after it became stuck in a mire and was then killed fighting.
His death was the culmination of the Wars of the Roses, a bloody 30-year power struggle between Richard's House of York (which lost) and the rival House of Lancaster (which won).
Hainsworth's team used whole body computerised tomography (CT) scans and micro-CT imaging to analyse trauma to the bones and determine which of Richard's wounds might have proved fatal.
They also analysed tool marks on bone to identify the medieval weapons potentially responsible for his injuries.
According to Guy Rutty, a pathologist on the research team, 'the most likely injuries to have caused the king's death are the two to the inferior aspect of the skull -- a large sharp force trauma possibly from a sword or staff weapon, such as a halberd or bill, and a penetrating injury from the tip of an edged weapon.'
A CONTROVERSIAL MONARCH
Richard was born in 1452 at Fotheringhay Castle in Northamptonshire.
During the Wars of the Roses (1455-1485), Richard's father, Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York was killed and in 1470, Richard and his brother Edward were exiled when King Henry VI, from the rival house of Lancaster, took back the throne.
Henry's reign was short lived and during a battle the following year, Edward became King Edward IV.
In 1483, Edward died and Richard was named as Lord Protector of the Realm for Edward's son and successor, the 12-year-old King Edward V.
King Edward V and his brother Richard, 1st Duke York (the title of Duke of York was recreated in 1474, which is why Richard was only the 1st Duke of York yet his grandfather was the 3rd Duke of York) were placed in the Tower of London and after a campaign to condemn the deceased king's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville, the princes were declared illegitimate.
Their uncle, Richard, took to the throne as King Richard III the following day.
He was crowned in July and in August that year, the two princes disappeared.
Rumours spread the king had killed them to remove any threat they may have posed to his reign. The fate of the two Princes in the Tower is still unknown to this day.
In 1485, Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond launched an attack on Richard III on Bosworth Field in Leicestershire.
Many of King Richard III's key lieutenants defected and he was killed in battle. Henry Tudor took the throne as King Henry VII, the first Tudor monarch. His son, Henry, would go on to become King Henry VIII (Richard III's great-nephew).
It has been confirmed that King Richard III had a curvature of the spine, although rumours of a withered arm haven't been verfied from the bones found in the Leicester car park last year.
Last year scientists discovered the king was riddled with roundworm after finding large numbers of the parasite’s eggs in soil taken from King Richard III’s pelvic region.
The find suggests that the king’s intestines were infected with roundworm during his life.
Read more: Forensics suggest Richard III killed by two blows to bare head | Daily Mail Online
Follow us: @MailOnline on Twitter | DailyMail on Facebook
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